الفهرس 
I-1-IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
El-Burullus Lake is a coastal Northern lagoon situated along the
Mediterranean Sea, between the western Rosetta and the eastern Damietta
branches of the River Nile. The lake is the second largest natural lake in
Egypt with respect to area and production. It is the main source of fish
production in all Egyptian lakes. Its production has increased gradually from
7,349 tonnes in 1963 to 67.577 tonnes in 2016, in addition to about 670.000
tonnes from the aquaculture processes around it, the production of the lake
and its aquaculture ponds represented about 42.5 % from the total fish
production in Egypt.
Many sources of pollution affect and deteriorate the water quality of
the Lake. Burullus lagoon is affected mainly by agricultural drainage water
mixed with different types of wastes from fish farms (Terra Drain, Drain 7,
Drain 8 and Drain 11), wastewaters effluents (Terra Drain, Drain 7 and El-
Gharbia Drain) as well as domestic drainage water discharged mainly from
El-Gharbia drain and drain 11. Agriculture drainage water accounts for 97%
of the total inflow to the lake (3.9 billion m3 per year), followed by rain
water (2%) and groundwater (1%). 16% of the lake’s water evaporates and
84% flows to the sea.
Lake Burullus, one of the Mediterranean eutrophic lakes, is one of the
major disposal areas for agricultural drainage water in Egypt. It receives
approximately 4 billion m3 of drainage water per year from the Nile Delta
agricultural lands.
Twelve water samples were collected from different localities along
El-Burullus Lake and nine samples from drains surrounded the Lake.
Samples were collected seasonally, during the period of spring 2016 – winter 2017. The present study was designated to determine the pollution
status of El-Burullus Lake by evaluation the water quality that may affect to
a great extent the biological productivity of the Lake water, and to assess the
levels of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd) in water of El-
Burullus by determination of water quality index (WQI), metal quality
indices (PI and MI), and eutrophication index to determine the suitability of
aquatic life utililzations.
The present work includes three chapters; a brief description of these
chapters is given as follows:
The first chapter is related to introduction of the thesis where the
environmental status of El-Burulluse Lake is given from the historical
background and the literature survey for physico-chemical studies of water.
The second chapter contains the experimental parts including
sampling techniques, description of the selected and investigated sampling
stations and describing the methods applied to determine the physical and
chemical parameters in water.
The third chapter includes the obtained results, their discussion and data
analysis during the period of study. The obtained results can be summarized
as follows:
1- Water temperature depends upon the climatic conditions and sampling
time collection. It ranged between (13.60-32.20°C) while the maximum
water temperature was recorded at stations (9) during summer and the lowest
water temperature value was recorded at stations (6) during winter.
2- Transparency was affected by domestic sewage, industrial and
agricultural effluents and fluctuated between (15-70 cm) with maximum value was recorded at station (3) during winter and the minimum value
recorded at station (4) during spring season.
3- Electrical conductivity depends on the concentration of total dissolved
solids in the water body and it varies between (2.14-54.80 ms/cm). The
maximum value was recorded at station (3) during summer while the
minimum value was recorded at station (11) during summer.
4- The total solids (TS) content is a very useful parameter describing the
chemical constituents of water. It is affected greatly by discharged effluents
and the obtained values were in the range of (1.52-34.13 g/l) with maximum
value during winter at station (3) and the minimum value recorded at station
(11) during summer.
5- The total dissolved solids (TDS) increased at the stations considered as
points of discharges. TDS values fluctuated between (1.44-34.10 g/l). The
maximum value was recorded during summer at station (3) while the
minimum value was recorded during summer at station (11)
6- The total suspended solids (TSS) also were affected by agricultural and
domestic effluents discharged into El-Burulluse Lake and the obtained
values were in the range of (32.86-94.12 mg/l). The maximum value of TSS
was recorded during winter at station (6) while the minimum value was
recorded during winter at station (3).
7- pH values were in the alkaline side (7.55-8.96). The maximum pH value
recorded at station (9) during winter while the minimum value of pH
recorded at station (11) during winter.8- Dissolved oxygen values (DO) ranged between (2.10-13.40 mg/l). The
lowest values of DO concentrations found during winter at station (8) while
the highest value of dissolved oxygen recorded in station (6) in summer.
9- The biological oxygen demand is a good indicator of organic pollution in
water. Its values fluctuated between (5.82-29.16 mg/l). The maximum value
recorded at station (8) during summer and the minimum value recorded at
station (3) during winter.
10- The chemical oxygen demand values are of great importance where the
BOD values cannot be determined accurately. COD values fluctuated
between (10.29-48.51 mg/l). The maximum value of COD was recorded at
station (5) during summer season and the minimum value was recorded at
station (3) during summer.
11- Major anions showed elevated values in the most polluted areas along
El-Burulluse Lake while the lowest values were recorded in the clear areas
and the obtained results as follows:
a) Carbonate values ranged between (0.1-14.6 mg/l).
b) Bicarbonate values ranged between (133.6-376.4 mg/l).
c) Chloride values ranged between (678.9-14663 mg/l).
d) Sulphate values ranged between (144.5-3410 mg/l).
12- Major cations showed similar trends as major anions where elevated
values were recorded in the polluted areas along El-Burulluse Lake while the
lowest values were recorded in the clear areas and the results were as
follows:
a) Calcium concentrations varied between (43.7-409.2 mg/l). b) Magnesium values ranged between (63.3-1295.7 mg/l).
c) Sodium values ranged between (433.4-10230 mg/l).
d) Potassium values ranged between (15.9-375.01 mg/l).
13- The nutrient salts concentrations depend on the Lake effluents and
phytoplankton community at different locations.
a) Nitrite values fluctuated between (14.25-247.92μg/l).
b) Nitrate concentrations fluctuated between (36.29-1241.09 μg/l).
c) Ammonia concentrations ranged between (115.95-11350.04μg/l).
d) DIN ranged between (275-11563 μg/l)
e) While the DON concentration fluctuated between (204.5-1146.1 μg/l)
f) PON ranged between (208.1-4080.5 μg/l)
g) TDN concentration ranged between (507.6-12371.7μg/l).
h) TN concentrations ranged between (1001.5-16452.2μg/l).
i) orthophosphate concentrations fluctuated between (11.6-413.3 μg/l),
the dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) ranged between (6.79-176.1
μg/l), the dissolved inorganic phosphorus (TIP) ranged between
(13.64-434μg/l), the total particulate phosphorus (TPP) included POP
which ranged between (4.1-176.1 μg/l) and PIP which ranged between
(1.8-44.8), While the total phosphorous concentrations fluctuated
between (24.55-796.2 μg/l)
j) The silicate concentrations ranged between (1.4-24 mg/l).
14- The heavy metal concentrations increased at station (8), due to wastes of
drain (8&9) which are contain agricultural, domestic and industrial wastes.
The heavy metals results can be summarized as:
a) The iron concentrations fluctuated between (240.4-700.4 μg/l). b) The manganese concentrations fluctuated between (18.-87.4 μg//l).
c) The copper concentrations fluctuated between (2.5-8.4 μg/l).
d) The zinc concentrations fluctuated between (36.8-83.7 μg/l).
e) The nickel concentrations fluctuated between (9-22.2 μg/l).
f) The chromium concentrations fluctuated between (9.2-20 μg/l).
g) The lead concentrations fluctuated between (20.4-71.3 μg/l).
h) The cadmium concentrations fluctuated between (0-5.3 μg/l).
15- According to the Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI), the present
results indicate that Lake Burullus are classified during all season as very
poor for fishing utilization at all station. .the minimum annual value (1.7)
was recorded at station (8) this indicate that this station is lower water
quality as it received water from drain 8,9 which contain industrial ,domestic
and agricultural waste water .
16. El-Burullus Lake water suffers from obviously different contamination
grades with the measured metals for different utilizations. Mn , Fe, Zn, Cu
and Cr exhibit a slightly pollution effect at various locations according to the
aquatic life criteria, Cd show slightly to moderately pollution effects at the
most studied sites for aquatic life utilizations. while Pb show seriously
pollution effects at the most studied sites for aquatic life utilizations but Ni
recorded no pollution effects at all stations along the Lake
17- Metal index indicate that all the selected stations along the Lake are
seriously threatened with metal pollution for drinking and aquatic life
usages, (MI ≥ 1).18- The trophic status throughout the lake varied spatially and temporally.
result indicate that the mean value of trophic state index ranged between
(73.29-86.1) the minimum value 73.29 was recorded at station(3) this may
attributed to that station receives water from the sea through El-Boughaz
out-let. While the maximum value 86.1was recorded at station (8) this may
attributed to that the station (8) receive wastewater drainage from Drain 9
and Drain 8. .
from the above mentioned results we can conclude the following:
1- The abnormal values of different physical and chemical parameters were
recorded at stations affected by different wastes (agricultural, industrial and
domestic) discharged into the Lake at the area under investigation.
2- The results revealed that water of El-Burullus Lake Contain high
concentration of nutrient due to uncontrolled discharge of untreated sewage
and agricultural wastes
3-the Lake is largely fed by drainage water which effect on the
characteristics of the Lake that cause the Lake to be hyper eutrophic
4-the water is brackish with a high EC near El-Boughaz out-let as this part
receives water from the sea and slightly low in western part near Brimbal
out-let as this part receives water from the Nile
5-station (8) is the most polluted as it receives water from drain 8 and drain
9 that contain domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes.
6- Increasing amounherefor Lake Burullus are classified during all season
as very poor for fishing utilization at all station of dissolved inorganic
nitrogen, phosphate and silicate concentrations causes higher phytoplankton
count, diversity index and chlorophyll-content.7- Continuous release of wastewater from the southern drains is much
greater than seawater discharge into the lagoon. This situation has eventually
accelerated eutrophication of the water body due to the increased nutrient
inflow to the lake.
8-The dissolved oxygen of the lagoon is generally high, particularly at the
western side. The eastern most section of the lagoon, which receives the
greatest wastewater effluents from four drains (Drain 7; Nasser Drain; El-
Gharbia Drain; and El-Burullus East Drain) containing sewage and
agricultural waste, exhibits the minimal dissolved oxygen content.
9- The eastern and southern sides of the Burullus Lagoon are much polluted
than the northern and western sides. The primary reason is the occurrence of
many drains carrying sewage and agricultural waste at these sides.
from the above mentioned results we can recommend and offer the
following:
1-control discharge of drainage and sewage water in to the lake or at least
minimize the usage of fertilizers in agricultural lands, or treatment of
drainage water is essential to hurry its recovery and improving water quality.
2- Continues environmental studies must be done to determine the current
status of water quality and to assess the chemical and biological pollution of
water of El-Burullus Lake as well as animal pests, plant plankton and fish in
it.
3-Strict application of laws concerning the protection of environment, in
particular the law 4 of 1994.
4-Constructing measuring units for controlling and detection biomass and
environmental balance of the Lake for its present explorating and future
prediction. These units give the policy makers the scientific supported vision
that will lead to promotion plans for the present and sustainable
development.