الفهرس 
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases constitute a diverse group of disorders characterized by cellular and humoral responses against self. The humoral autoimmune responses are directed against various cellular and extracellular components. These responses are highly specific for each autoimmune disease and result in the production of autoantibodies that characterize certain disease entities, representing a valuable tool for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases.
ANA is a collective term for a large and heterogeneous group of circulating autoantibody which are directed against different components of the cell, either within the cell nucleus or its cytoplasm, and are commonly present in autoimmune diseases.
Many laboratory tests are available for ANA detection such as indirect immunofluorescence antinuclear antibody test and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay which are the most commonly used tests. with other additional tests which include Flow cytometry, Multiplex Immunoassay, Passive haemagglutination, immunodiffusion , counter-immunoelectrophoresis techniques, immunoprecipitation and immunoblot.
ANAplay a significant role in diagnosis,exclusion and monitoring of autoimmune diseases such as asSLE, SSc, IIM, SjS, AASV, RA, PBC, Addison’s disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes, celiac disease and Crohn’s disease.