الفهرس 
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Abstract
People may be exposed to small amounts of heavy metals through food, water, air, and tableware products. Each metal is different in where it is found and how it behaves in our bodies. Exposure alone does not mean that it is causing any disease or harm.
The main aim of the present study was risk assessment of health hazards from lead and cadmium migrated from decorated coloured tableware to food.
To fulfill this aim a total of 168 local and imported decorated coloured tableware samples and a total number of 168 food samples were analyzed for lead and cadmium.
8.1. Hazard Recognition
8.1.1. Leached Lead and Cadmium Concentration from New Tableware: Limit
Lead concentration leached from local and imported decorated coloured plates and cups were within the limits of the Egyptian standard.
Lead concentration leached from local decorated coloured plates ranged from a minimum of 0.297 ppm in glass and a maximum of 0.371 ppm in porcelain. For cups, it ranged from a minimum of 0.325 ppm in plastic and a maximum of 0.381 ppm in arcopal. Regarding imported decorated coloured plates, it ranged from a minimum of 0.225 ppm in glass and a maximum of 0.349 ppm in arcopal. For cups, it ranged from a minimum of 0.289 ppm in glass and a maximum of 0.319 ppm in plastic, with non-significant differences between them.
Cadmium concentration leached from local decorated coloured plates and cups were within the limits of the Egyptian standard. While, 22 imported decorated coloured plates and cups out of 28 examined tableware exceeded the limits of the Egyptian standard.
Cadmium concentration leached from local decorated coloured plates ranged from a minimum of 0.166 ppm in glass and a maximum of 0.197 ppm in plastic. For cups, it ranged from a minimum of 0.176 ppm in glass and a maximum of 0.181 ppm in plastic. While imported decorated coloured plates, it ranged from a minimum of 0.211 ppm in arcopal and a maximum of 0.282 ppm in plastic. For cups, it ranged from a minimum of 0.325 ppm in glass and a maximum of 0.328 ppm in porcelain, with non-significant differences between them.
There were significant variations in lead and cadmium concentrations leached from local and imported materials.
8.1.2. Lead and Cadmium in Raw Foods and Drinks:
Lead concentration in tea was the highest (0.092 ppm), and the lowest in lemon juice and coca-cola (0.030 ppm).
Cadmium concentration in tomato paste was the highest (0.072 ppm) and in coca-cola was the lowest (0.044 ppm).
Summary
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8.2. Risk Evaluation
8.2.1. Leached Lead and Cadmium in Foods and Drinks from Decorated Coloured Tableware:
7-up stored for 2 hours in local decorated coloured plates and cups leached higher lead concentration (0.065 ppm) followed by molokai and orange juice (0.064 ppm).While, tea leached the least (0.054 ppm). For imported decorated coloured plates and cups, tea leached higher lead concentration (0.124 ppm) followed by molokai (0.047 ppm) and orange juice leached the least (0.028 ppm), with non-significant differences between them.
Molokai stored for 24 hours in local decorated coloured plates and cups leached higher lead concentration (0.139 ppm) followed by orange juice (0.132 ppm). While, tomato paste and coca cola leached the least (0.124 ppm). For imported decorated coloured plates and cups, tea stored for 4 hours leached higher lead concentration (0.146 ppm) followed by orange juice, lemon juice and 7 up stored for 24 hours (0.039 ppm) and tomato paste leached the least (0.029 ppm), with non-significant differences between them.
Molokai stored for 2 hours in local decorated coloured plates and cups leached higher cadmium concentration (0.091 ppm) followed by tomato paste (0.086 ppm). While, orange juice leached the least (0.081 ppm). For imported decorated coloured plates and cups, tea and 7 up leached higher cadmium concentration (0.099 ppm) followed by coca-cola (0.098 ppm). While, tomato paste leached the least (0.087 ppm), with non-significant differences between them.
Tomato paste stored for 24 hours in local decorated coloured plates and cups leached higher cadmium concentration (0.129 ppm) followed by molokai (0.127 ppm). While, tea stored for 4 hours leached the least (0.116 ppm) with significant difference between them. For imported decorated coloured plates and cups, orange juice leached higher cadmium concentration (0.117 ppm) followed by tomato paste (0.115 ppm). Tea stored for 4 hours leached the least (0.105 ppm), with non-significant differences between them.
There was significant variation of leached cadmium concentration in different food types among local and imported decorated coloured tableware stored for only two hours.
8.2.2. Leaching of Lead and Cadmium from Decorated Coloured Tableware after Use:
Leached lead concentration from different local plates before use ranged between 0.297 ppm and 0.370 ppm, decreased to range between 0.177 ppm and 0.285 ppm after use for 2 hours and between 0.125 ppm and 0.176 ppm after use for 24 hours, with a significant variation between them. For local cups, before use it ranged between 0.324 ppm and 0.380 ppm, decreased to range between 0.173 ppm and 0.324 ppm after use for 2 hours, between 0.128 ppm and 0.138 ppm after use for 4 hours and between 0.116 ppm and 0.229 ppm after use for 24 hours with a significant variation between them.
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For imported decorated coloured plates, leached lead concentration before use ranged between 0.225 ppm and 0.350 ppm, decreased to range between 0.158 ppm and 0.221 ppm after use for 2 hours and between 0.128 ppm and 0.181 ppm after use for 24 hours with a significant variation between them. For imported decorated coloured cups, before use it ranged between 0.289 ppm and 0.318 ppm, decreased to range between 0.158 ppm and 0.191 ppm after use for 2 hours, and between 0.129 ppm and 0.141 ppm after use for 4 hours, and between 0.128 ppm and 0.183 ppm after use for 24 hours with a significant variation between them.
There was a significant variation between lead concentration leached from local and imported decorated coloured tableware before use and after use for different storage times.
Leached cadmium concentration from different local plates before use ranged between 0.166 ppm and 0.197 ppm, decreased to range between 0.072 ppm and 0.079 ppm after use for 2 hours and between 0.072 ppm and 0.073 ppm after use for 24 hours with a significant variation between them. For local decorated coloured cups, before use it ranged between 0.175 ppm and 0.181 ppm, decreased to range between 0.074 ppm and 0.082 ppm after use for 2 hours, between 0.069 ppm and 0.071 ppm after use for 4 hours and between 0.060 ppm and 0.061 ppm after use for 24 hours with a significant variation between them.
Leached cadmium concentration from imported plates before use ranged between 0.211 ppm and 0.282 ppm, decreased to range between 0.126 ppm and 0.141 ppm after use for 2 hours and between 0.122 ppm and 0.137 ppm after use for 24 hours with a significant variation between them. For imported decorated coloured cups, before use it ranged between 0.325 ppm and 0.328 ppm, decreased to range between 0.183 ppm and 0.209 ppm after use for 2 hours, between 0.126 ppm and 0.140 ppm after use for 4 hours, and between 0.137 ppm and 0.139 ppm after use for 24 hours with a significant variation between them.
There was a significant variation between cadmium concentration leached from local and imported decorated coloured tableware before use, and after use for 2 hours only.
8.2.3. Effect of Repeated Use of Tableware on the Level of Leaching of Lead and Cadmium:
For local glass tableware, the reduction of leached lead were 52.1% and 41.5% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 58.4% and 53.8% after repeated use for another 24 hours. For imported glass tableware, the reduction of leached lead were 14.8% and 42.7% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 21.5% and 66.95% after repeated use for another 24 hours.
For local porcelain tableware, the reduction of leached lead were 70.1% and 62.1% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 78.2% and 73.95% after repeated use for another 24 hours. For imported porcelain tableware, the reduction of leached lead were 67.9% and 45.4% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 75.3% and 66.4% after repeated use for another 24 hours.
For local plastic tableware, the reduction of leached lead were 51.9% and 39.4% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 61.8% and 56.8% after repeated use for another 24 hours. For imported plastic tableware, the reduction of leached lead were 59.8% and 54.2% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 74.8% and 72.9% after repeated use for another 24 hours.
Summary
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For local arcopal tableware, the reduction of leached lead were 43.3% and 56.8% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 51.2% and 69.4% after repeated use for another 24 hours. For imported arcopal tableware, the reduction of leached lead were 59.8% and 45.1% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 70.4% and 65.6% after repeated use for another 24 hours.
For local glass tableware, the reduction of leached cadmium were 65.8% and 64.5% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 71.8% and 72.2% after repeated use for another 24 hours. For imported glass tableware, the reduction of leached cadmium were 45.6% and 60.2% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 53.9% and 65.0% after repeated use for another 24 hours.
For local porcelain tableware, the reduction of leached cadmium were 66.0% and 64.1% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 71.4% and 72.3% after repeated use for another 24 hours. For imported porcelain tableware, the reduction of leached cadmium were 38.7% and 57.4% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 52.4% and 62.9% after repeated use for another 24 hours.
For local plastic tableware, the reduction of leached cadmium were 67.1% and 64.8% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 72.6% and 69.5% after repeated use for another 24 hours. For imported plastic tableware, the reduction of leached cadmium were 32.1% and 60.6% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 43.8% and 71.2% after repeated use for another 24 hours.
For local arcopal tableware, the reduction of leached cadmium were 56.4% and 64.0% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 64.4% and 71.5% after repeated use for another 24 hours. For imported arcopal tableware, the reduction of leached cadmium were 43.6% and 60.6% in plates and cups due to use for 24 hours and were 68.0% and 65.7% after repeated use for another 24 hours.
8.2.4. Relative Risks of Lead and Cadmium Leached from Imported and Local Tableware:
Relative risks of lead and cadmium were lower than one for all different local and import decorated coloured material plates before use and after use for 2,4 and 24 hours.
For local glass cups, the relative risks of lead higher than one were observed in 4 glass cups out of 5 before use, 3 cups out of 5 after use for two hours, and 2 cups out of 4 after used for 24 hours.
For local porcelain cups, the relative risks of lead higher than one were observed in 5 cups out of 5 before use, 4 cups out of 5 after use for two hours, and 1 cup out of 4 after used for 24 hours.
For local plastic cups, the relative risks of lead higher than one were observed in 4 cups out of 5 before use, 1 cup out of 5 after use for two hours, and not exceeded one when used for 4 and 24 hours.
For local arcopal cups, relative risks of lead higher than one in 5 cups out of 5 before use, 4 cups out of 5 after use for two hours, and 1 cups out of 4 after use for 24 hours.
Summary
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For imported glass and porcelain cups, the relative risks of lead higher than one were observed in 4 cups out of 5 before use, and did not exceed one after use for 2,4 and 24 hours.
For imported plastic and arcopal cups, the relative risks of lead higher than one were observed in 5 cups out of 5 before use and did not exceed one after use for 2,4 and 24 hours.
For local glass cups, the relative risks of cadmium higher than one were observed in 5 cups out of 5 before use, after use for 2 hours and did not exceed one after use for 4 or 24 hours.
For local porcelain, plastic and arcopal cups, the relative risks of cadmium higher than one were observed in 5 cups out of 5 before use, after use for 2 and 4 hours. However, the relative risks did not exceed one for all cups after use for 24 hours.
For imported glass, porcelain, plastic and arcopal cups, the relative risks of cadmium higher than one were observed before use and after use for 2,4 and 24 hours.
8.2.5. Relative Risks of Lead and Cadmium Leached in Foods from Imported and Locally Tableware:
Relative risks of lead lower than one were observed for all food and drinks stored in different local and imported plates and cups materials for different time duration.
Relative risks of cadmium lower than one were observed for all food stored in all local and imported plates materials for different time duration.
Relative risks of cadmium higher than one were observed for all drinks stored in all local and imported cups materials upon consumption for seven times per week and lower than one for a consumption of once per week.