الفهرس 
Acknowledgement
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Abstract
Sixty pediatric patients aging 6-12 years old, who were scheduled for diagnostic upper GIT endoscopy included in this prospective, randomized study that was carried out in Assiut University Pediatric Hospital from November 2016 to May 2018. They were allocated randomly into two groups of 30 each:
- group I (PF): received 1.0 µg/kg fentanyl + 2 mg/ kg propofol IV.
- group II (PK): received 0.5 mg/kg ketamine + 2 mg/kg propofol IV (Ketofol 1 ketamine: 4 propofol).
The patients were enrolled to the study after Institutional Ethics Committee approval and after written informed consent. Inclusion criteria included ages from 6 to 12 years, both genders and ASA I and II. Exclusion Criteria included the presence of significant liver, kidney or heart disease, history of serious adverse effects related to anesthetics (e.g. allergic reactions), a family history of reactions to the study drugs, neuropsychiatric disorders, morbid obesity and respiratory infection and hyperactive airways.
Results:
As regard the hemodynamic data (HR, SBP) and SpO2: away from the baseline readings which were non-significant between the study groups, all other readings (after induction, 5 min later, and at the end of the procedures) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the PF group than the PK group. And although these data were statistically significant, they may be clinically insignificant. AS regard ETCO2, the mean values in PF group were higher than that in PK group (P = 0.015) after induction of sedation only, otherwise all other results were statistically insignificant.
There were no significant differences between both groups as regard the remaining data (duration of the procedures, onset of anesthesia, recovery time or discharge time, Modified Ramsay Sedation Scale, doctor’s satisfaction and finally the intra and postoperative side effects of both the study drugs).
Conclusion:
Propofol-ketamine 4:1 mixture is associated with hemodynamic stability, better oxygen saturation and end-tidal CO2 tension without affecting the recovery and without significant side effects. So, this mixture is a good option for pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic upper GIT endoscopy.
Recommendation: further researches in the use of ketofol for GIT endoscopy in younger age groups may be recommended.
Sixty pediatric patients aging 6-12 years old, who were scheduled for diagnostic upper GIT endoscopy included in this prospective, randomized study that was carried out in Assiut University Pediatric Hospital from November 2016 to May 2018. They were allocated randomly into two groups of 30 each:
- group I (PF): received 1.0 µg/kg fentanyl + 2 mg/ kg propofol IV.
- group II (PK): received 0.5 mg/kg ketamine + 2 mg/kg propofol IV (Ketofol 1 ketamine: 4 propofol).
The patients were enrolled to the study after Institutional Ethics Committee approval and after written informed consent. Inclusion criteria included ages from 6 to 12 years, both genders and ASA I and II. Exclusion Criteria included the presence of significant liver, kidney or heart disease, history of serious adverse effects related to anesthetics (e.g. allergic reactions), a family history of reactions to the study drugs, neuropsychiatric disorders, morbid obesity and respiratory infection and hyperactive airways. Results:< As regard the hemodynamic data (HR, SBP) and SpO2: away from the baseline readings which were non-significant between the study groups, all other readings (after induction, 5 min later, and at the end of the procedures) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the PF group than the PK group. And although these data were statistically significant, they may be clinically insignificant.
AS regard ETCO2, the mean values in PF group were higher than that in PK group (P = 0.015) after induction of sedation only, otherwise all other results were statistically insignificant. There were no significant differences between both groups as regard the remaining data (duration of the procedures, onset of anesthesia, recovery time or discharge time, Modified Ramsay Sedation Scale, doctor’s satisfaction and finally the intra and postoperative side effects of both the study drugs).
Conclusion:
Propofol-ketamine 4:1 mixture is associated with hemodynamic stability, better oxygen saturation and end-tidal CO2 tension without affecting the recovery and without significant side effects. So, this mixture is a good option for pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic upper GIT endoscopy. Recommendation: further researches in the use of ketofol for GIT endoscopy in younger age groups may be recommended.