![]() | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Air pollution can be defined as any atmospheric condition where the concentration of matter is higher than the surrounding natural levels to produce a measurable effect on humans, animals, plants or materials. The main objective of this study is to monitor and shed more lights on the basic variables and parameters of air pollution, in addition to studying the changes in the sources of air pollution due to the low level of pollution sources as well as manufacturing industries. As well as the effects of air pollution on the plants and soil, especially the Calotropis procera plant in Helwan. The study used three methods and devices for analysis: 3O 41 MUV optical analyzer, optical analyzer and atomic analyzer Neutron activation NAA. Fresh samples were taken from the stem and leaf of the plant from five different locations in Egypt, four of them in the Helwan Industrial Area (Tebeen) and a fifth as a control sample from North Cairo. Air pollution may c o m e from anthropogenic or natural sources. Plants growing on heavy metal polluted soils show a reduction in growth due to changes in their physiological and biochemical activities. This is especially true when the heavy metal involved does not play any beneficial role towards the growth and development of plants. Bioremediation can be effectively used for the treatment of heavy metal polluted soil. Four positions have been chosen surrounded Helwan area for sampling as Helwan, Kafr El- Aloy, Tebbin and Masaara. Sampling time had involved the period from summer and winter seasons of 2014 . Measurements 1) Measurements of the pollutant concentration levels in four industrial sites are as chosen for the study during the period of April 2014 to June 2014 on intervals every in Helwan, Kafr El-Alwy, Tebbin and Masaara. 2) Measurements of the aerosol and metals originate from various main sources (Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate Matter (PM10, PM 2.5 and TSP) and surface ozone (O3)). from Helwan, Kafr El-Alwy, Tebbin and Masaara for the same period of Winter. 2014 to Summer 2014. 3) Determination of cement dust and smoke particles. 4) Determination of heavy metals either in air, collected plants and soil. 5) The effects of pollution interaction will carry out on plans and soil. In winter season 2014 in soil, lead has higher rate of concentration at all of the four sites followed by cadmium with significant rates comparing with control sample. The highest rate of concentration of lead was in the site 2 nearby “Helwan Fertilizers Company” with 9.40 µg/ gm dry wt., while it reached its lowest at the site 4 (Tourah Portland Cement Co.). All metals were belonging to very high contamination category all the sites near the factory except iron. While in shoot, the highest heavy metals values were (10.14± 0.60 µ /g dry Wt.), (3.39a ± 0.21 µ/g dry Wt.), and (3.39a ± 0.21 µ/g dry Wt.) for lead, cadmium, and iron respectively, 2014 in site 3 nearby Clay Bricks companies. The lowest values for all heavy metals nearby (Tourah Portland Cement Co.) On the other hand, in leaves the highest heavy metals values were lead (10.14± 0.60 µ /g dry Wt.) in site 3 nearby (Clay Bricks Companies) then cadmium in the same site (3.39a ± 0.21 µ/g dry Wt.) and iron (2.97a ± 0.14µ /g dry Wt.). The lowest values for all heavy metals were recorded in site 4 (Tourah Portland Cement Co.) The present study stated that in summer season 2014 in soil, the highest heavy metals values were zinc (17.82 ± 0.59 µ /g dry Wt.) in site 4 nearby (Tourah Portland Cement Co) then lead in site 3 (Clay Bricks Companies) (10.20 ± 0.95µ/g dry Wt.) In shoot, The highest heavy metals values were zinc (24.30 ± 2.05µ /g dry Wt.) in site 1 nearby (Egyptian Iron and Steel Co.) then in site 2 nearby (Helwan Fertilizers Company) cadmium in the same site (18.53 ± 0.42µ/g dry Wt.) and iron (2.97a ± 0.14µ /g dry Wt.). The lowest values for all heavy metals was copper in site 4 nearby (Tourah Portland Cement Co.) In leaves, the highest heavy metals values were zinc (55.53 ± 3.02µ /g dry Wt.) in site 3 nearby (Clay Bricks Companies) then in site 2 nearby (Helwan Fertilizers Company) with (53.97 ± 1.72µ/g dry Wt.) and site 4 nearby (Tourah Portland Cement Co.) with value of (47.87 ± 2.44 µ /g dry Wt.). The lowest values for all heavy metals was copper in site 3 nearby (Clay Bricks Companies) Lead and Copper have the higher enrichment factor at Site 3 followed by site 2 With significant enrichment. Site 3 has the highest heavy metals enrichment factor followed by site 2. All metals were belong to very high contamination category at the site 3. The contamination factor reached its maximum at site 2 of lead in winter season (4.124) then site 3 while its minimum was in site 3 of Zinc in summer season, 2014. The bioaccumulation factor for Calotropis procera was shown to be less than 1 in site 1 and 2 in lead while, the highest BAF shown to be Iron in site 3 (13.333) in summer season 2014 followed by site 3 (6.918) Zinc in winter season and then Iron but in winter season at site 3 also (6.410). The highest value of TSP was in site 3 (In front of manufacturers of red brick and fertilizer) and recorded 430 µg/m3, PM10 258 µg/m3 and PM2.5 154.8 µg/m3 The lowest values were in site 4 (In front of cement factories). The values of the pollutants were higher in the site 3 followed by site 1 and the lowest values were at site 3 and 4. The most abundant gas pollutant was nitrogen dioxide followed by carbon monoxide. The nitrogen dioxide ranger from 118.3 to 149.8 mg/m3 and carbon monoxide ranged from 3.6 to 12.9 mg/m3 The change in the heavy metals for the dust samples of the rates of concentrations of cadmium, lead, zinc and iron were collected from the different sites and recorded and found that the highest heavy metals values were Iron in all sites followed by lead, the site 2 has the highest values then site 3 with 7.3 and 5.2 mg/m3 respectively. The lowest values for all heavy metals were in site 1. The highest value of TSP was in site 3 (In front of manufacturers of red brick and fertilizer) with (494.5 µg/m3), PM10 296.7 µg/m3 and PM2.5 178.0µg/m3. The lowest values were in site 4 (In front of cement factories). The concentration of TSP and PM10 were higher than AQL of EEAA, in site , 1, 2 and 3. The concentration of PM2.5 was higher than in site 1 and 3. Sites 4 and 5 recorded concentrations lower than AQL for TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 The values of the pollutants were higher in the site 3 followed by site 1 and the lowest values were at site 3 and 4. The most abundant gas pollutant was nitrogen dioxide followed by carbon monoxide. The nitrogen dioxide ranged from 93.09 to 70.438 mg/m3 and carbon monoxide ranged from 9.26 to 2.703 mg/m3. all organic and in organic recorded concentration lower than AQL. The highest heavy metals values were Iron in all sites followed by lead, the site 2 has the highest values then site 3 with 7.67 and 5.46 mg/m3 respectively. The lowest values for all heavy metals were in site 1. Lead was higher than AQL in site 1, 3 and 4 in TSP samples according to compare with AQL of residential area but within limits comparing with AQL for industrial area. On the other hands the concentration of lead in Pm10, and PM2.5 were lower than AQL for residential and industrial AQL. The concentration of TSP was higher than AQL of EEAA, in site, 1, 2 and 3. The concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 were higher than AQL in sites 1 and 3. Sites 4 and 5 recorded concentrations lower than AQL for TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 . General observations on the investigated area showed that plants environment hasn’t been affected by factory emissions. No changes in plant height, canopy area, leaf area, total plant biomass, chlorophyll and necrosis which can’t be used as an indication of the adverse effects of toxic gases such as fluoride, SO2 and allocation of dry matter at the polluted sites. This showed that the internal parts of the leaf and shoot in the Calotropis procera plant are not affected by concentrations of air pollutants found in Helwan industrial area air or even high concentrations of soil which reflects its high capacity to adapt and grow in the region. This leads us to the fact that the plant cannot do the biological treatment because it cannot get rid of contaminants such as the heavy metals recorded in the study, the concentrations in the parts of the plant after the laboratory examination are lower than compared to pollutants in the air and soil, despite the apparent ability to grow and adapt in this The industrial environment saturated with pollution due to the presence of many different sources. |