الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 152 |  |  |
| | | from | 152 | | |
Abstract
Weeds are really a serious problem to turfgrass communities since they not only compete with desirable turfgrass planting for light, oxygen, soil nutrients, soil moisture, carbon dioxide and space, act as hosts for pests such as plant pathogens, nematodes, and insects, but also have disruptive effect on the esthetic, appearance, stabilizing capacity, or overall utility of a turf. In addition, certain weeds cause allergic reactions in humans, due to their pollen or their volatile chemicals.