الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the ameliorating and protective effect of caffeine (CF), Chia extract (CH) and Lepidium Sativum extract (LS) on aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced AD rat model. 128 adult Wistar male rats were allocated into 8 groups of 16 animals each, where control group (C) was supplied with normal tap water, while AD group was administered AlCl3 in drinking water at 200 mg/kg body weight. AD ameliorated groups with caffeine (CF-AD), chia (AD-CH) and LS (AD-LS) were exposed to AlCl3 alternatively with the ameliorating treatments in a day after day regime, while in CF, CH and LS groups rats were administered the different treatments alternatively with plan water. All groups received their respective treatments for 4 months after which behavioural analysis was performed including open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze to assess anxiety-like behaviours, Y- maze test and novel object recognition test (NOR) to assess memory and learning abilities and forced swim test (FST) to evaluate the depression-like behaviour. After monitoring the behavioural activities, rats were decapitated, and their brains and hippocampus samples were collected for analysis of oxidative status (SOD, GSH, GSSG, MDA, 8OHdG, NO), metabolic dysfunction (ATP, PC, PS) and neurochemical profile (DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT, 5-HIAA). Our obtained results revealed that chronic AlCl3 exposure significantly increased cognitive dysfunction, anxiety like behaviours as well as depression in the AD group compared to control rats. Significant alterations were seen in oxidative profile and metabolic dysfunctions. A significant decline in levels of monoamines was also observed. Typical hallmarks of AD were noticeably found in the hippocampus tissue. Regarding the ameliorative treatments, our findings showed that the behavioural impairments caused by AlCl3 were significantly attenuated but with various degrees according to the applied treatments, whereas LS was the dominant. Moreover, a potential antioxidant effect was observed in the biochemical assays. The microscopic findings showed enhancement in the histoarchitecture pattern of the hippocampus. For the protected groups, all results improved but were almost close to the control animals. Finally, it is concluded that medicinal herbs could be a potential strategy for AD management, with highlighting the promising effects of LS for further implementations.