الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to improve post-operative analgesia following lower limb orthopedic surgeries under spinal anesthesia, and to assess the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine versus fentanyl as adjuvants to low dose intrathecal bupivacaine in patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgeries.
To achieve such aim, the present study compared three groups of patients distributed into 3 equal groups; group (C) received intrathecal bupivacaine 12.5 mg with preservative free normal saline, group (F) received intrathecal bupivacaine 12.5 mg with fentanyl 25 µg, group (D) received intrathecal bupivacaine 12.5 mg with Dexmedetomidine 10 µg.
Patients were randomized to both groups by simple randomization.
Inclusion criteria, Patients having ASA physical status I & II, age 18-60 years and of both sexes undergoing elective lower limb orthopedic surgery; (like intramedullary nailing of femoral and tibial shaft fracture, bipolar hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fracture, bimalleolar fracture, tension band wiring for patella fracture, external fixation of tibia for severe open fracture etc.) under spinal anaesthesia were included in this study.
Exclusion criteria, Mentally retarded patients, Patients in whom spinal anesthesia were contraindicated as local infection, bleeding disorder, neurological disorder, previous back surgery (technical difficulty), Any known allergies or contraindications to the study drugs and Pregnant women.