الفهرس 
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Abstract
Lead is undoubtedly one of the oldest occupational toxins and evidence
of cases of lead poisoning is well known . Lead can be absorbed through
gastrointestinal tract and skin , and can be also inhaled in polluted air .
Exposure to lead has been associated with a broad range of biological
alterations and histopathological changes including oxidative tissue injury in
including haemopiotic system , liver , kidney , central and peripheral nervous
system .
DMSA (Meso -2,3 – dimercaptosuccinic acid ) is a water – soluble ,
sulfhydryl containing compound which is an effective oral chelator of heavy
metal s ( e.g. lead ) and was identified as an effective antidote to heavy metal
poisoning . DMSA was licensed by the food and Drug administration in 1991 ,
and is the first approval oral lead chelator in the treatment of lead poisoning
in the United States.
An antioxidants are substances capable of preventing or showing the
oxidation of other molecules .
Antioxidants can protect against metal toxicity by trapping free radicals ,
thus terminating the chain reaction , by chelating metal ion and preventing
the reaction with reactive oxygen species or by chelating metal and
maintaining it in a redox state leading to its incompetency to reduce
molecular oxygen . Vitamin C ( ascorbic acid ) is a very important and powerful
antioxidant and cooperate with vitamin E to regenerate α- tocopherol radical
from α- tocopheral radical in membranes and lipoprotein . Also , vitamin E is a
powerful biological antioxidant which is considered to be the major
membrane bound antioxidant employed by the cell .
The experimental work of this study was designed to investigate the
influence of lead acetate , as a toxic metal , on liver and kidney functions. The
study was extended to examine the effect of lead acetate on the
histopathological changes induced by lead acetate on the cerebrum ( light and
ultrastructure microscopic examination ) and on the ultrastructure of sciatic
nerve of male albino rats . Moreover , the ameliorative effect of DMSA ( as
chelating agent ) and both vitamin C and E ( as antioxidants ) against
intoxication of lead on the liver and kidney functions , and on the histological
changes on the cerebrum and sciatic nerve was examined .
summary
601
In the present work , 30 adult male albino rats( Rattus rattus ) were use