الفهرس 
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Abstract
octurnal enuresis (NE) can be defined as an involuntary passage of urine during sleep beyond the age of 5 years. This study was carried out at Awseem district Giza governorate to estimate prevalence of NE among primary school children and determine the risk factors for NE in the studied children. This study was case-control nested in cross sectional study. A multistage random sample were selected from primary school children in Giza governorate, namely, El Fadila private school, Awseem Modern and Cairo school in Awseem city as urban area and El-Kom Elhmer primary school, Youssef El Sabie primary school in El-Kom Elahmer village as rural area.
The total studied students were 799 (401 students in urban school and 398 students in rural area). The prevalence of NE in studied students was 24% were enuretic and 76% were non enuretic. Primary NE is bedwetting in a child who had never been dry. The result of primary NE in our study was 78.1% and secondary NE which occurs after a continuous dry period more than 6 months was 21.9%.
There is increasing evidence to support the fact that the efficacy of many, if not all, enuresis treatment modalities are dependent upon the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
So, using of diagnostic tools is essential in order to target the treatment modality directly towards the pathophysiological mechanism. Nocturnal enuresis is crucial to be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible, as it can result in many psychological consequences such as low self-esteem, shame and embarrassment which affect how they interact with their friends and families.
Nocturnal enuresis may cause secondary emotional and social problems in children who continue to wet their beds. Although enuretic children seem to have many accompanying psychological problems, it must be investigated whether these problems are the results or etiological factors of enuresis.