الفهرس 
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Abstract
Pesticides are occasionally used in large amounts causing environmental pollution and
potential health hazards. Organophosphorus pesticides (OP) are primarily recongnized for their
ability to induce toxicity in mammals through inhibition of acethylcholinesterase (AChE), lipid
peroxidation and generation of reactive oxygen species. Dimethoate (DM) is an
organophosphorus insecticide, widely used against a broad range of insects and mites and also
used for indoor control of houseflies. The extensive use of DM poses a health hazard to animals
and humans because of its persistence in soil and crops. Previous studies have shown that acute
and sub-chronic exposure to DM alters the antioxidant status, the histology of liver and induce
hepatic lipid peroxidation in mice and rats.
Clove is one of the most valuable spices that has been as food preservative and for many
medicinal purposes. This plant represents one of the richest source of phenolic compounds
such as eugenol and possess great potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural
applications. Clove is traditionally used as an antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory,
antidiabetic and hepatoprotective agent. In this study we tried to explore hepatoprotective
effect of clove against DM insecticide induced DNA damage and oxidative stress in rats.
To achieve this aim we conducted the study on 40 male rats weighted 100-150 gm.
The rats were divided into the following groups (each group contained 10 rats):
group 1: Normal rats (control group).
group 2: Rats which were orally administrated with dimethoate (30 mg/kg body
weight/day) dissolved in distilled water for four weeks.
group 3: Rats which were orally administrated with clove oil (200 mg/kg body
weight/day) diluted with corn oil for four weeks.
group 4: Rats which were orally administrated with clove oil (200 mg/kg body
weight/day) diluted with corn oil and dimethoate (30 mg / kg body weight / day)
dissolved in distilled water for four weeks.
After four weeks rats were sacrificed, serum and liver tissue were collected for assessment
of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl
transferase (GGT), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), advanced oxidation protein
products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-Oxoguanine (8 oxo-Gua), nuclear factor
erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Also the histological
examination was performed to confirm the staging of liver.
The data obtained from this study revealed that:
Compared to the control oral administration of DM significantly caused increases in
activities of AST, ALT, GGT, GST, AOPPs levels, MDA, 8-oxo-Gua and Nrf2 contents while
caused decreases in Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) levels. Administration of
Clove decreased activities of AST, ALT, GGT, GST, AOPPs levels, MDA, 8-oxo-Gua and
Nrf2 contents and increased FRAP levels.
Summary and conclusion
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On the basis of results obtained we conclude that:
Exposure to dimethoate affect the antioxidant status causing oxidative stress which led
to free radical production, lipid peroxidation, protein damage and DNA damage.
Clove is multiprotective agent that can protect humans against the oxidative stress and
reduce consequently the risk of hepatotoxicity and cellular damage in liver due to oral
exposure to dimethoate.
Clove represents a very interesting plant with an enormous potential as food
preservative and as a rich source of antioxidant compounds. It’s proved biological
activities suggest the development of medicinal products for human and animals uses.