الفهرس 
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Abstract
The meat that is usually used for sources of protein which are poultry, beef and mutton. Protein is important for human beings and meat is known as the best source of animal protein. Although, the meat was the main source of protein and essential amino acids , the meat was linked with high cholesterol, high uric acid, and another side effect of animal meat. Whey proteins are easily and quickly digested. Whey protein is one of the 2 proteins of cow’s milk. Whey proteins refer to the individual protein which is separated out from the casein while cheese making. The content of the whey protein may vary in carbohydrates, fat, immune globulins, lactose and minerals. Whey protein is the one which is most useful for sports nutrition. In addition to these, whey products are evident in salad dressings, infant formulas, emulsifiers, baked goods and medical nutritional formulas. Soybean, as well as its by-product okara represents a rich source of dietary fiber , protein and oil. The composition of soybean seeds and okara has been reviewed and has shown significant differences in fiber contents obviously due, besides to the evolution of fiber determination methods, to the modification of the fiber concept and its role in human health The use of soybean proteins as meat extenders has spread significantly due to the interesting nutritional and functional properties. So, the objectives of this study were designed for estimation the effect of some meat products with okara and whey protein at different levels on the biological and biochemical parameters of rat fed on diet with high cholesterols as the following : Analysis the chemical composition of raw materials.Prepare the tested product (kofta) samples with adding 5 and 10% whey protein and okara. Evaluate the sensory properties of tested samples. Study the chemical composition of tested samples. Determine the body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio as affecting by adding the whey protein and okara to tested meat product. Determine the liver and kidney functions of rats as affecting by adding whey protein and okara to tested meat product. Examine the histopathological structure of some rat’s organs as affecting by adding the whey protein and okara to tested meat product. To achieve that organoleptic evaluation and analytical method were measured . the biological evaluation was carried by thirty (30) adult albino rats, their average weight was (90±5 ) g. Rats were obtained from Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical Analysis Dep.,Dokki, Giza, Egypt. The whey protein and okara were added at the levels 5 and 10% by replacment of fat content. The rats were randomly divided into 6groups (5 rats in each group) and fed experimental diets for 28 days as follows: - Group1: (Normal rats) Rats fed on basal diet as a negative control (-) group. Group2:Hyperlipidemic rats fed on hyperlipidemic diet as positive control (+). group 3 and 4:Hyperlipidemic rats fed on hyperlipidemic diet with 15 % Kofta ( as replacement of the diet content) with 5 and 10% Okara group 5 and 6:Hyperlipidemic rats fed on hyperlipidemic diet with 15% Kofta(as replacement of diet content) with 5and 10% whey protein. The end of the experimental period(28 days) the animals fasted for 12 h. They anesthetized with diethyl ether. Incisions made into the abdomen and blood samples collected in a clean dry centrifuge tube from hepatic vein. Serum separated by centrifugation at 4000 r.p.m. for 10 minutes at room temperature then keep in plastic vial until analysis. The organs (liver, heart, kidney and spleen) removed and washed with saline solution, dried by filter paper and weighed separately to calculated the absolute organs weight. Biological evaluation of the different diets was carried out by determination of feed intake (consumption), body weight gain (BWGg/day) and feed efficiency ratio (FER). The collected samples were analyzed for the following biochemical parameters (lipid profile, liver functions,kidney functions and blood glucose . The liver, heart and kidney of all animals were carefully removed and slices from them were fixed in 85% alcohol for histological studies.
from the results, it could be noticed that, whey protein contained 40 g protein, 0.7 g fat, 1.9 g fiber, 1.9 ash and 55.5 g carbohydrates whereas the content of protein, fat, fiber, ash and carbohydrates were 3.5,1.7,9.2,1.1 and 84.5 g respectively. from that, kofta with 5, 10% whey protein had the best score as control kofta. The total score was (45). Kofta prepared with 10% from okara recorded the lowest score in this evaluation. Kofta with 10% whey protein significantly had high content in total protein and total carbohydrates while significantly was low content in total fat and total calories when compared with the another samples. Whereas, kofta with okara significantly had high content in total fiber and total ash as compared with the control. It could be noted that the differences in values of feed intake between all treated groups except 10% are non significant, as compared to control groups . There is no significant changes among 10% whey protein, both the levels of okara and negative control. BWG of the group fed on hyperlipidemic diet (control +) showed significant increase as compared to negative group (control -). Feeding rats on basal diet contining 5 and 10% kofta with whey protein showed non-significant changes, while the groups fed on hyperlipidemic diet containing 5 and 10% kofta with okara significantly decreased in BWG as compared to the other groups. In case of heart weight, there is no significant difference between groups fed on basal diet containing 10% whey protein, 10% okara and group fed on basal diet ( negative control ). For kidney weight, it could be noticed that there is no significant difference among groups fed hyperlipidemic diet containing whey protein, okara (at the level 5 and 10%) and control negative group. For spleen weight, , there is no significant differences between the groups fed on kofta with okara and the group fed on kofta with 5% whey protein . Treatments under study reduced serum cholesterol and triglycerides concentration. However, the highest reduction was achieved by feeding basal diet containing 10%whey protein in kofta. The mean values of serum HDL-C of all treated rats with whey protein were significantly increased (P≤0.05), as compared to positive control group (+). Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) of hypercholesterolemic rats fed on hyperlipidemic diet containing whey protein and okara decreased significantly (P<0.05), compared with (control +). The best mean values of the ratio between LDL-C/HDL-C for tested groups were observed in the group fed on basal diet containing kofta with 10% whey protein. Feeding hyperlipidemic rats with basal diet containing kofta with 10% whey protein was the best mean value obtained, because these treatments led to highest reduction in AST and ALT enzymes, as compared to other groups to be near the normal levels. from the obtained data, it could be noticed that, all rats fed on kofta with the tested additive at different levels which used showed non significant with the both controls group. There is no significant difference between positive control group and group fed on kofta with 5% okara which being 200.3±1.5 mg/dl for blood glucose. Also, there is no significant difference between group fed on kofta with 5% whey protein and the group which fed on kofta with 10% okara. The best value was recorded in the group fed on the tested product and 10% whey protein. For histopathological studies, Heart of rat from group 1 showing normal cardiac myocytes, heart of rat from group 2 showing intermuscular oedema dispersed the cardiac myocytes from each other . Kidney of rat from group 2 showing congestion of renal blood vessels and necrobiotic changes of epithelial lining renal tubules . Liver of rat from group 2 showing fatty change of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells activatio.Heart and kidney of rat from group 5 and 6 showing no histopathological changes. Whereas liver of rat from group 5 showing Kupffer cells activation and in group 6 showing focal necrosis and apoptosis of hepatocytes associated with inflammatory cells infiltration So, according to the obtained results, it could be recommended that: Nutrition and health education programs should be organized and directed for the public to show the importance of balance nutrition for the people to avoid the morbidity. Encouragement of supplementation food with whey protein and okara to decrease bad cholesterol fraction in the blood. Use whey protein in adequate amount daily as a therapy for heart diseases. Avoid the excess of whey protein in the regular diet to decrease the side effect on liver and kidney functions for long period. Increase the using of okara in food products as meat and bakery products as a source of fiber and minerals. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of whey protein and okara and their products on other disease.