الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The application of the occupational safety program (OSP) at various worksites is an urgent necessity as it aims to implement preventive requirements and precautions aiming to protecting employees, preserving the elements of production and making the work environment safe.
The main objective of OSP is to prevent or reduce work-related accidents and injuries to avoid direct or indirect effects that can may affect the employees, their families and| or the employers.
Since the economic aspect is very important in researches and policies in general, and on occupational safety in particular; so this study aimed to analyze the costs and benefits of the application of the OSP at Matrouh’s Drinking Water and Waste Sanitation Company in some sectors of the company’s worksites and to compare it with the other sectors where the program is not implemented; and thus to determine the expected costs and benefits of applying the program to the rest of the company’s worksites. This enables the company to assess the economic impact of accidents in terms of lost production time, damage to machinery or raw materials, increase in premiums paid to the workers’ compensation fund, …etc.
The study included the calculation of the costs not only incurred by the company but also by the injured employees due to the work related accidents and injuries during the period from 2009 to 2015.The costs incurred by the company included the following: medical expenses of the injured employee, compensation, monthly salaries of injured persons during their period of work interruption due to injury, the cost of training an alternative employee or of the replacement staff ,the cost of hiring an alternative employee, financial losses ”damaged or missing ”, the cost of lost productivity, additional training to the injured immediately after recovering or retraining of staff, additional supervision on the job site ,the investigation of injury., and other payments (aid , subsidies.... etc) The costs incurred by the injured employee included: medical expenses ,lost overtime payments ,travel expenses for medication, the loss of personal savings ,the loss of the second work, lost salary ,financial losses ”damaged or missing ” and other expenses incurred by the injured employee.
The study also determined the extent of the impact of the injury on the working life in terms of: Job satisfaction , morale , the general image of the company, feeling towards the work, the relationship of the employee with his subordinates, colleagues and superiors; and also the effects of injury on public and family life in terms of :psychological effects, behavioral influences , and finally social effects ”.
The study included twenty six worksites in the company, including thirteen worksites where work related to accidents and injuries were occurred. These thirteen worksites include the different categories of work and labor. They are as follows: The main sewage plant, General directorate of Matrouh‘s water – Salloum desalination plant, Plant of sewage treatment and the environment ,General directorate for gardens and landscaping, Vukh lift station, South of El Alamein water plant, Cleopatra desalination plant, Dabaa lift
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station ,The main headquarters of the company (El Khomasy), Directorate general for trade affairs , Directorate general for revenue and collection, and El Hamam branch.
A sample of 629 employees was selected representing different categories of professions in the company , and questionnaires were designed to collect personal and professional information of the employees. Accidents and injuries’ records during the period from 2009 to 2015 were reviewed.
The study found that the employees in the studied sites differ in their levels with regard to the following aspects; Job satisfaction, morale, the general image of the company ,feeling towards the work, the relationship of the employee with his subordinates, colleagues and superiors, assessment of the performance of OHS in terms of training and site security against risks, the extent to which the employees of the company are aware about the OHS regulations in general, and the different effects of the work injuries of the company.
The study showed significant positive results in the sites where the OSP was implemented, namely the Cleopatra desalination plant compared to the rest of the company’s worksites. The study found that the implementation of the OSP helps significantly raising the awareness of employees about the OHS regulations, where; it was 46.44%in the studied site (Cleopatra desalination plant) before applying the program and increased to 88.54% after the implementation of the program. Otherwise, it was 46.12% in the rest of the worksites of the company, which did not apply the program.
It was obvious from the present study that there is a close correlation between the implementation of the OSP and some other aspects related to the employees themselves. These include job satisfaction, morale, the general image of the company, feeling towards the work, the relationship of the employee with his subordinates, colleagues and superiors, assessment of the performance of OHS in terms of training and site security against risks ..... etc. The following results were obtained: - Increasing the level of job satisfaction from 13.94% before applying the program to 49.83% after the implementation of the program; while it was 28.81% in sites where the program was not implemented. On the other hand, it was 12.10% for the employees who were exposed to work related accidents or injuries. - Increasing the level of morale from 58.33% before applying the program to 75% after the implementation of the program; while it was 60.33% in sites where the program was not implemented. Otherwise, it was 50.65% for the employees who were exposed to work related accidents or injuries. - Increasing the level of the general image of the company from 50% before applying the program to 55.69% after the implementation of the program; while it was 49.73% in sites where the program was not implemented. On the other hand, it was 34.72% for employees who were exposed to work related accidents or injuries. - Increasing the level of feeling towards the work from 25% before applying the program to 55.6% after the implementation of the program; while it was 34.24% in sites where the program was not implemented. Otherwise, it was 34.72% for employees who were exposed to work related accidents or injuries.
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- Increasing the level of the relationship of the employee with his subordinates from 70.12%before applying the program to 75% after the implementation of the program; while it was 86.81% in sites where the program was not implemented. On the other hand, it was 69.44% of employees who were exposed to work related accidents or injuries. - Increasing the level of the relationship of the employee with his colleagues from 84.15% before applying the program to 87.50% after the implementation of the program; while it was 95.05% in sites where the program was not implemented. Otherwise, it was 82.64% of employees who were exposed to work related accidents or injuries. - Increasing the level of the relationship of the employee with his superiors from 45.73% before applying the program to 50% after the implementation of the program; while it was 40.44% in sites where the program was not implemented. On the other hand, it was 30.56% of employees who were exposed to work related accidents or injuries.
The study showed that there is a close correlation between the implementation of the OSP and some skills of dealing with emergencies such as: the time needed to evacuate the site correctly , extinguish a fabricated fire in the operating area , enter the confined and closed space and rescue an injured , and control the spillage of chemicals in the laboratory. The following results were obtained: - Decreasing the time needed to evacuate the site correctly from 5:44 minutes before applying the program to 2:51 minutes after the implementation of the program; while its average was 6:15 minutes in sites where the program was not implemented. - Decreasing the time needed to extinguish a fabricated fire in the operating area from 9:23 minutes before applying the program to 2:12 minutes after the implementation of the program; while its average was 3:27 minute in sites where the program was not implemented. - Decreasing the time needed to enter the confined and closed space and rescue an injured from 24:16 minutes before applying the program to 11:18 minutes after the implementation of the program; while its average was 20:43 minutes in sites where the program was not implemented. - Decreasing the time needed to control the spillage of chemicals in the laboratory from 5:08 minutes before applying the program to 2:56 minutes after the implementation of the program; while its average was 4:36 minutes in sites where the program was not implemented.
The study showed that there is a close correlation between the implementation of the OSP and some employees’ skills at the General directorate of Occupational Safety and Health such as ranking at the level of subsidiaries in terms of dealing with chlorine gas as well as working in confined spaces. The following results were obtained: - Skills of dealing with chlorine gas in the professional skills competition of OHS with the participation of 15 companies representing the lower Egypt and Delta only improved from the eleventh (11th) before applying the program to first place (1st) after the implementation of the program. While skills of working in confined
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spaces improved from the fourteenth (14th) before applying the program to the second (2nd) place after the implementation of the program. - Skills of dealing with chlorine gas in finalists of the professional skills competition of OHS with the participation of 25 companies representing the lower Egypt and Delta and upper Egypt improved from (Not qualifying for the finals) before applying the program to the second ( 2nd )place after the implementation of the program. While, skills of working in confined spaces improved from(Not qualifying for the finals) before applying the program to the third place (3rd) after the implementation of the program.
The study showed that the low level of OHS in sites where the OSP was not implemented compared to the site studied. The following results were obtained: - Increasing the extent of compatibility with the requirements of applying the OSP from less than 50% before applying the program to 90.62% after the implementation of the program ranked first among other worksites; while its average was 37.06% in sites where the program was not implemented. - Increasing the extent of Completion(fulfillment) of the work place inspection report form from less than 50% before applying the program to 78.5% after the implementation of the program and ranked first among other worksites; while it was 44.96% in sites where the program was not implemented. With regard to the analysis of accidents and injuries at the company during the period from 2009 to 2015 The following results were achieved:
- The total costs of all work related accidents and injuries at the company (incurred by the company and the injured employees) during the period 2009 to 2015 were 8604485.2 L.E.
- The Annual average of total costs of all work related accidents and injuries at the company (incurred by the company and the injured employees) during the period from 2009 to 2015 were (8604485.2/ 7 = 1229212.1L.E).
- Total costs of all work related accidents and injuries at the desalination sector during the period from2009 to 2015were 1062993.88L.E. - The annual average of total costs of all work related accidents and injuries at the desalination sector was (1062993.88 / 7 = 151856.26 L.E) before the implementation of the OSP and became (151856.26 – 39134.08 = 112722.18L.E.) after the implementation of the OSP. This indicates the reduction of the annual average of total costs of all work related accidents and injuries at the desalination sector due to the implementation of the OSP at Cleopatra desalination plant with a percentage equal 25.7% ( 100*( 151856.26/ 39134.08 )). - The annual average of total costs of all work related accidents and injuries at Cleopatra desalination plant was 39134.08L.Ebefore the implementation of the OSP and became 0L.E after the implementation of the OSP.
- The total costs of all work related accidents and injuries that were incurred by the company only during the period 2009 to 2015 were 6076526.9L.E.
- The annual average of the total costs of all work related accidents and injuries that were incurred by the company only were 868075.2L.E.
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- The total costs of all work related accidents and injuries that were incurred by the injured employees only during the period 2009 to 2015 were 2527958.3L.E.
- The annual average of the total costs of all work related accidents and injuries that were incurred by the injured employees only were 361136.9L.E. - Decreasing the costs of work related injuries and accidents at the Cleopatra desalination plant from 39134.08 L.E before applying the program to 0L.E after the implementation of the program; while its average was 207956.9L.E in the other sixteen sites where the program was not implemented and where there were employees exposed to injuries and | or accidents. - Decreasing the accident frequency rate at the Cleopatra desalination plant from 8.86 before applying the program to 0 after the implementation of the program; while its average was 17.62% in the other sixteen sites where the program not implemented and where there were employees exposed to injuries and | or accidents. - Decreasing the accident severity rate at the Cleopatra desalination plant from 886.21 before applying the program to 0 after the implementation of the program; while its average was11270.25 in sixteen sites where the program was not implemented and where there were employees exposed to injuries or accidents.
- Significantly lower levels of: job satisfaction , morale , the general image of the company ,feeling towards the work , the relationship of the worker with his subordinates, colleagues and superiors , and assessment of the performance of OHS in terms of training and site security against risks ..... etc.
- Also, a significant decrease in the levels of awareness of employees in the OHS regulations for employees who have been managed work related accidents or injuries compared to the rest of the employees of the company, especially employees at Cleopatra desalination plant after the implementation of the OSP. As indicated above. Finally and according to the research results, The total costs for the implementation of the OSP at Cleopatra desalination plant (New Army’s plant) = 530027.5 LE. The total costs for the implementation of the OSP at the General Administration of Desalination Plants (West)= 1201810LE.Total calculated benefits of applying the OSP at the General administration of desalination plants (west) located at Cleopatra desalination plant (New army’s plant) and consist of four work sites Cleopatra, Salloum, Barrani and Siwa desalination plant = 9549924.6LE.meaning that the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) is approximately eight(7.94). This confirms that the cost-benefit analysis of OSP is a valuable tool for decision-makers.According to the present study’s results, it was suggested the following recommendations:First: work recommendations1- Prepare a policy for OHS to be included in the OSP applied to the Cleopatra desalination plant and then circulate it to all the company’s worksites.2- Apply the OSP applied to the Cleopatra desalination plant at all worksites of the company.3- Complete the functional structure of the OHS directorate at the company in accordance with the company’s responsibilities, nature work or activity and the size of the labor or number of employees.
4- Initiate procedures for applying the quality system to the General Administration of Occupational Safety and Health.
5- Complete the training of members of the General Administration of Occupational Safety and Health to qualify them to implement the OSP in all of the worksites at the company.
6- Increasing the number of training programs in the field of OHS and training the employees of the company periodically.
7- Activation of the field training on emergency procedures in general and procedures for ”chlorine leakage – chemical spillage – fire – confined spaces” in particular.
8- Provide all cars at the company with speed control devices.
9- Prepare statistical programs for the analysis of work related accidents and injuries at the company periodically to limit all causes and effects and to determine the most appropriate methods of prevention.10- Conduct periodic statistics to determine the size of expenditure on the OHS management and the expected benefits of this expenditure.11- Completion of the provision of measuring devices required for the OHS staff to implement the OSP (noise measuring devices, vibrations measuring devices, etc.)
12- A survey should carried out periodically to measure the progress in implementing the OHS policies and to determine their impacts on employees.
Second: employees’ recommendations (A). Reduce the probability of exposure to the work related accidents and injuries by: 1- Full compliance with all instructions and publications issued by the General Department of OHS. 2- Raise awareness of OHS regulations 3- Passing training courses in the field of OHS as a prerequisite for promotion (B). Increase levels of job satisfaction, morale, etc. through: 1- Participate actively in the work of the sub-committees of OHS and activate their role. 2- Activate the role of employees syndicate to contribute to the development of a policy of OHS and prepare a plan for its implementation. 3- Participate in the proposals for solutions to work problems.