الفهرس 
General properties of human papilloma virusOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Plantar warts are typically refractory to treatment, and multiple treatment sessions are required to clear lesions completely. Warts are usually treated by traditional destructive modalities such as cryotherapy, electrocoagulation, topical salicylic acid, topical 5-fluorouracil, and laser surgery. All of these treatment options can be painful, time consuming, and/or expensive, and none is considered the gold standard. A new approach of IL therapy has been developed for treatments of warts including IL injections of PPD; MMR vaccine; mycobacterium vaccine; and candida albicans antigen. While the mechanisms of vaccine and antigen therapy have not been elucidated, it is thought that the host immune system is activated to recognize the virus, leading to wart clearance. This treatment approach is known as IL immunotherapy.