الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 135 |  |  |
| | | from | 135 | | |
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) guidance for nerve localization during peripheral nerve blockade has gained considerable popularity worldwide. Much of this popularity is attributable to several important advantages of real-time sonographic visualization compared with traditional nerve localization techniques. Direct ultrasonographic visualization significantly improves the outcome of most techniques in peripheral regional anesthesia.Pain has been introduced as the fifth vital sign by Joint Commission on Health Care Organization. Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is not a single entity. Its variability reflects rather the dynamic physiology of the nociceptive input from periphery to the cerebral areas that interpret the nociceptive information. Inadequate pain relief is a well-known problem world-wide. The physiological changes of unrelieved pain have an impact on the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, and immune systems. Poorly managed pain may exaggerate postoperative complications, cause patient suffering and prolong recovery.
In an effort to improve analgesia, facilitate early mobilization and bypass the post-anesthesia care unit, regional anesthesia is often preferred. Obtaining a proper history, including the onset, duration, characteristics, and intensity of pain and a description of any affective and cognitive components involved in the pain is the first step in determining appropriate treatment. Multimodal analgesia is achieved by combining different analgesics that act by different mechanisms and at different sites in the nervous system. One approach for multimodal analgesia is the use of regional anesthesia and analgesia