الفهرس 
Response to the Risk of Urban Violence and Terrorism
Vulnerability, Threats and Level of RiskOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The need for shelter, safety and security deeply affects our urban environment. Cities witness growing threats to safety and security due to its vulnerability. These threats were not taken into consideration during the city’s planning phase, which to a more comprehensive solution in order to be able to face such threats. However, in Egypt, the militarized solution with its security measures was the first to be adopted without any reflection on the legal framework or planning decisions. The militarization and fortification of the city affects its urban form, traffic patterns, pedestrian mobility, and the street life.
Urban security is a major concern, especially against acts of violence that call for mitigation strategies to become a safe city resilient to different types of urban violence. Both the concept of vulnerability and resilience have been increasingly embedded in urban planning and city safety, mainly to describe how cities try to overcome disasters and shocks.
Notably, the environmental design contributing in city safety is not new to urban planning and design as it firstly emerged in Jane Jacobs’s book, The Life and Death of Great American Cities (1961), where she suggests that a successful city is where a person can feel safe and secure in the streets. This concept has been developed through several theories, which would be reviewed and criticized in this research.
The study examines city safety and security issues and the different urban threats. It discusses urban violence, its different types namely terrorism and crime, their impacts on our cities and the different theories and strategies of mitigation and response; all within the concept of vulnerability and the risk chain with its three main elements which are; Risk, Outcomes and Response. Eventually, it examines the case study of Cairo after the events of Jan 25, its vulnerability, and the outcomes of violence on the shape of the city and the used responses and mitigation strategies.
Finally, the research came to the conclusion that urban violence is a matter of good urban governance, with the focus on social awareness and community based approaches as a long term radical solution; that might help in reducing the risk factors. In the case study of Egypt most of the outcomes were not directly bounded to violence, but rather a secondary outcome, which mostly resulted from the military oriented approach during the absence of other stakeholder groups from the scene.