الفهرس 
Introduction & Literature Review
Categories of Water PollutionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 251 |  |  |
| | | from | 251 | | |
Abstract
Egypt as a developing country, only 4 % of its land arable and its water supplies are limited. The concentration of the Egyptian population is mainly located in the narrow Valley of the Nile such as Ismailia canal. Ismailia canal area has high population density accompanied with a continuous growing size of population, domestic wastewater, a growth of industrialization, the increased use of chemicals in agriculture, the absence of actual control on the disposal of hazardous waste materials development as well as the lack of environmental public awareness, all of which are considered the factors leading to a real burden on the Egyptian natural water resources.
It’s very important for Egypt to achieve the implementing water resources management approach which can match the limited freshwater supply with the increasing demand. Water resources management, water quality management and environmental protection are the main concerns for sustainable development.
The first objective of the current work devoted to evaluate organic pollutants along Ismailia Canal. Secondly, study the occurrence and distribution of OCPs as well as heavy metals in environmental samples including surface water and sediment in studied area that comparing with national and international guidelines for water ways protection. Thirdly, quantify the variation in the quality of surface water of study area in relation to validate water for drinking or irrigation. Fourthly, chemically treatment of a petroleum wastewater.
Seven surface water and three sediment samples were collected in two seasons (winter and summer) during 2014. This thesis consists of three main chapters as follows:
First chapter introduced a concept on water resources and sources of water pollution in Egypt. It includes the historical background of organic pollutants, its chemical structure and physicochemical prosperities. It also includes acquainting about the importance of investigating area and finally a literature survey about the assessment of water and sediment quality and studying the distribution of organic pollutants and heavy metals.
Second chapter comprises materials and methods agreed upon to fulfill the investigation. It also includes some knowledge about the different techniques for OCPs and trace elements identification. Gas chromatographic analysis were applied to obtain the results, as well as physic-chemical analysis of water and sediment samples. Therefore, statistical analysis for the correlation coefficients between the different investigated variables were carried out.Third chapter represented the results and discussion of the study as follows:
1- Chemical Analysis for Surface Water:
pH, dissolved solids and alkalinity within the normal range in both seasons except alkalinity at outlet of North Cairo Power plant during winter season.
Most of samples exceeds the range of BOD and COD in both seasons.
HMs concentrations were within the maximum allowable limits set by FAO 1985 for surface water except for Pb at all sites and Fe at the Egyptian Company of Alum during winter season due to increasing waste discharge into Ismailia canal during low flow condition from the variety of sources (industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes).
DDTs are the major pollutant OCPs followed by HCHs and the cyclodinines compounds during winter season.
The results of fecal and total coliform in samples violate the standard limits intended for irrigation according to Decision 92/2013 of environmental law 48/ 1982 and FAO 1985.
Interpretation relationships between OCPs and HMs with phycico-chemical parameters in surface water samples suggest that the concentration of OCPs and HMs have no significant relations and have negligible effect during both seasons.
The optimum operating conditions of chemical treatment by coagulation for petroleum company wastewater using ferric chloride as coagulant to be performance at these conditions economically, within limits of Decision 92/2013 of environmental law 48/ 1982 and water quality standard irrigation guidelines FAO (1985).Treatment time: 2 min with slow intensity mixing and settling for one hour Coagulant dosage: 0.5 gm for wastewater samples, and pH (7.23) of sample.
2- Sediment Samples Analysis:
DDTs are the major pollutant OCPs in bed sediment followed by HCHs and the cyclodinines compounds during winter season.
The bed sediment samples are highly polluted with HMs, iron concentration is the most dominate metal followed by aluminum, lead, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, chromium and cobalt.
Furthermore, the results revealed that the levels of organic pollutants and HMs in bed sediment samples are above the permission limits set by CSQG 2002. Therefore, it can be concluded that sediments are usually considered as the main sinks for pollutants in the environment.Accordingly there is a relative correlation between sediment physical characteristics and HMs during winter season.