الفهرس 
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Abstract
In the present study, a total of 200 samples were collected from human, cows and poultry for the screening of biofilm producing Candida albicans isolates. Seventy human cases suspected to have candidosis were subjected for mycological examination. Out of 25 vaginal and 10 oral swabs, 10 and 4 yeast isolates were obtained, respectively. In addition, 15 yeast isolates from nail scrapings and urine samples. Six yeast isolates (20%) were obtained from thirty samples from diseased cows, including five isolates from 15 rectal swabs and one from 15 milk samples. from 100 crop swabs collected from chicken, 59 yeast isolates (59%) were obtained. Twenty eight clinical C. albicans isolates comprised 14 isolates from chicken, 2 from turkey, 9 from human, 3 from cattle and one reference strain were tested for antifungal susceptibility and biofilm formation. Six isolates (21.4%) were resistant to two or three azoles. Four C. albicans isolates (13.8%) were strong biofilm producer, 9 (31%) moderate biofilm former and 16 (55.2%) were weak or non biofilm producers.
The biological interaction between E. faecalis and C. albicans in the context of an in vitro biofilm formation was investigated. Initially, we focused to isolate E. faecalis from different sources and the antifungal properties of CFS were evaluated. Out of 150 examined samples, 45 Enterococcus spp. isolates were identified by both the routine microbiological and molecular identification methods based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The antifungal activity of E. faecalis CFS isolated from chicken, yoghurt and human urine samples was studied.
The antifungal activity of clove and cinnamon oil, two chemical surfactants (CTAB, SDS), E. faecalis CFS and Fluconazole on C. albicans biofilms was quantitatively evaluated using crystal violet assay and quantitatively by the XTT reduction assay, performed C. albicans biofilms were more resistant to all antifungal agents. The obtained results revealed that planktonic C. albicans cells were more susceptible to fluconazole, clove and cinnamon oil, CTAB, SDS and E. faecalis CFS than C. albicans biofilm. The highest antifungal activity was obtained by SDS and cinnamon followed by CTAB, ACF and clove oil. Meanwhile, Fluconazole have the lowest antifungal activity on C. albicans biofilm.