الفهرس 
Chapter 1: IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The advancement of wireless communication and circuit technology has enabled the growth of infrastructure which consist of sensing, computation and communication units that make supervisor capable to monitor and react to a phenomenon in a particular environment. The building block of such an infrastructure consists of hundreds or thousands of small, low costs, multifunctional devices which have the ability to sense, compute and communicate using short range transceivers known as sensor nodes. The interconnection of these nodes forming a network called a wireless sensor network (WSN).
The ease of deployment, low cost, ad hoc and multifunctional nature has exposed WSNs an attractive choice for various applications. The application field of WSNs varies from environmental monitoring, to health-care applications, military operation, transportation, security applications, weather forecasting, real time tracking, fire detection and so on. By considering its application areas WSN can be argue as a traditional wired or wireless network. But in reality, these networks are comprised of battery operated tiny nodes with limitations in their computation capabilities, memory, bandwidth, and hardware resulting in resource constrained WSNs.
The resource controlled nature of WSN implies various challenges in its design and operations degrading its performance. On the other hand, various numbers of applications having different constraints in their nature and this makes it further challenging for such resources constrained networks to attain application expectations. At routing layer, routing protocols are mainly concerned with WSN operations. The presence of these challenges affects the performance of routing protocols resulting in overall WSN performance degradation, so the routing protocol plays an important role in the overall WSN performance.
In this work, the original LEACH and /or routing protocol was modified. The modification resulted in finding two approaches called I-LEACH and NR-LEACH. The two approaches are considered enhanced versions of LEACH. A comparative study is done among the performance of the original LEACH routing protocol and the modified one The proposed mechanisms introduce significant solutions to some limitations of the original LEACH to increase the efficiency of the energy balance. Such mechanisms propose a new energy balance level to prolong the overall network lifetime. In this work, NS2 simulator is used and integrated with Random Way to compare between the original LEACH and the proposed mechanisms.
The simulation results show that the proposed solutions outperform the original LEACH in terms of the average energy consumed and the network lifetime.