الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases in which the main finding is chronic hyperglycemia. The cause is either impaired insulin secretion or impaired insulin action or both. DM may cause severe microvascular and macrovascular complications that are associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells.
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) are common complications of diabetes. The pathogenesis is associated with endothelial dysfunction and impaired angiogenesis. The microvascular effects of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and angiogenesis play an important role in the development of neuronal and kidney damage.
Apelin whish is an endogenous peptide hormone and widely expressed in many organs such as the kidney, heart, lung, adipose tissue, liver, endothelium, and human plasma, leads to the endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Therefore, apelin may play a role in pathogenesis of DPN and DN.
The aim of this study was to evaluate serum apelin level in type 2 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy and nephropathy.
This study was carried out on 80 subjects divided into four groups as follow:
group I: Twenty healthy subjects as a control without diabetes.
group II: Twenty type 2 diabetic patients without complications.
group III: Twenty type 2 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy.
group IV: Twenty type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy