الفهرس 
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Abstract
Several problems of transportation and traffic jam have been appeared recently which reflected negatively on the urban environment, the population of Egypt is growing by some 1 to 1.5 million people per year. Together with the growing economy, this is inevitably putting more pressure on the country’s transportation system, increasing the energy use of the transport sector and the related greenhouse gas emissions. Alexandria is directly affected by this problem and its linear planning may be helping the increase of the congestion due to the long distances one has to travel to reach a certain destination, this research study simulation methods using computer’s applications in the fields of urban environment through studying the causes led to these negative effects, using of simulation applications in evaluating the performance of transportation network and suggesting appropriate alternatives to resolve these problems.To reach these aims, the research has been divided into five chapters as following:Chapter one “Introduction”:That chapter is introducing problem definition, specific aims and methodology of research as following:Specific: Alexandria suffers from severe transportation problem and the research exploring the influence of this problem on sustainability of urban planning using simulation applications.Aims and objectives: Expanding the usage of simulation applications by decision makers especially on field of development strategies of urban planning.That main aim could be divided to several objectives, these objectives are Illustrating the relation between simulation process and development of urban planning. Exploring the world’s experiences in using simulation applications. Studying the positives and negatives of using simulation applications. Collecting needed data to apply the simulation process. A specific study of using simulation application on urban planning on a study area. Hypothesis:The researcher hypothesized that using simulation applications in urban design can help suggesting the most suitable alternatives for futuristic urban development vision. Methodology: This work is an analytical research work to tackle the aims and objectives previously mentioned. To achieve this analytical methodology the following steps will be taken: Review literatures material regarding Simulation in Urban Planning. Follow the recent events, conferences and actions discussing Simulation in urban planning. Explore the different applications of simulation process. Analyze the difference between the simulation applications. Deduce the relation between the sustainability and urban planning. Study the efficiently of simulation process in urban planning. Choose a study area to apply a simulation application on it and suggesting a suitable plan to develop it. Analyze a holistic overview of the current situation and futuristic situation of the area of study. Representing a conclusion and recommendations of the thesis.Chapter two “Sustainable Urban Planning &Transportation”:That chapter include a literature review about sustainable transportation as the transportation sector has a large impact on today’s society. It is considered that transportation is responsible for 22 percent of the global energy consumption and 25 percent of fossil fuel burning across the world, and 30 percent of global air pollution and greenhouse gasses .This chapter study definitions of sustainability generally and transportation sustainability especially, exploring transportation sustainability rating systems and comparing them and finally exploring most factors that affect transportation sustainability negatively like: Land use, Congestion, Parking areas, Air pollution, Car dependence, fuel efficiently and other factors.Chapter three “Urban Transportation & Simulation Software”: This chapter focuses on the role of transportation modeling and simulation in solving transportation problems. Transportation modeling and simulation offer opportunity to study traffic operation under extreme conditions via the execution of experiments in a controlled environment without any disruption of actual traffic systems. The growing number of private vehicles, besides its environmental impacts, makes it hard to travel in-side urban centers, especially in the so called “peak hours”. Besides, what would take minutes in ideal conditions ends up taking, in extreme cases, several hours in stressful conditions, both in the case of the overcrowded public transportation and in the traffic jam at the roads used for individual transportation vehicles. As a low-cost, safe, non-disruptive, reproducible, and testable means of problem solving, modeling and simulation is particularly attractive in addressing problems under extreme conditions. Past research has documented applications of modeling and simulation in many aspects of emergency management like identifying potential problems and developing strategies and improving system operation and coordination. Modeling and simulation covers a wide area and has been applied in various disciplines. This chapter exploring some of transportation simulation software like:1. EMME/2 2. QRS II 3. TRANPLAN 4. HCS 5. VISUM AND VISSIM 6. TransCAD Then comparing them, exploring examples of using some of them and finally exploring international experience of achieving sustainable transportation. Chapter four “Case Study “Alexandria, Egypt”: This chapter include applying Vissim and EnViVer simulation software on the area of study in Alexandria City. As transport emissions have been increasing over the years and are expected to further increase. The transport sector is a major contributor of CO2 in Egypt, and a large proportion of this is from road transport. Therefore, investigating the local emissions of an urban network is of importance. For not only does it affect the environment, it also has an impact on the well-being of all road users. Alexandria faces a lot of challenges to reach sustainability in transportation network, so a microscopic simulation software (VISSIM) is used to achieve a high level of traffic modelling detail. After the model has been constructed, calibrated and validated, vehicle trajectories and other network performance parameters are outputted. The vehicle trajectories are used to estimate local transport emissions using EnViVer, and as a result heat maps were produced to identify local hotspots of CO2, NOx and PM10. Chapter five “Conclusions and Recommendations”: In this chapter, the conclusions of the research and the corresponding recommendation is discussed. A transportation system can only be realized as a sustainable system when the policy makers priorities people or users over the transportation facilities. The existing transportation of Alexandria City become unsustainable because of: 1. Environmental pollution, around 70% of total pollutants come from the motor vehicles in the city every day; 2. Traffic congestion, according to World Bank every year the economic loss in Alexandria City due traffic congestion is US$ 27.5 million; 3. Inadequate transport modes in terms of demand at present. 4. There is no integration between motorized and non-motorized transportation, that is one of the main causes of traffic congestion; 5. Public transportation is not affordable for all income groups as well it is not convenient for women and children; and 6. Lack of complete and long-term transportation policy and poor traffic management system.Recommendations: from the previous conclusions, the following recommendations should be taken into consideration, these recommendations can be divided to three categories: For governmental authorities:1. Using Simulation software saves time and effort and lead to realistic results for urban planners and can facilitate decision making by providing useful information quickly and inexpensively 2. A stringent laws must be applied to get rid of the over age vehicles. 3. Preparing the streets of Alexandria for Bike riding can encourage people to use bikes. 4. Using Intelligent Transportation Systems ITS can help reducing transportation problems.5. In response to the need for an Egyptian green transportation system, and with the benefit of the experiences of early-adopters in other countries, the researcher is suggesting an Egyptian Rating System of Transportation System (ERSTS). For the public: 1. Mobile phone applications and on-street-screens can direct the drivers to the less congested roads. 2. Using public transport and bikes can reduce traffic congestion and traffic emissions as well.3. Using electric vehicles must be a trend in Egypt as the have a zero emissions.For the researchers:1. Study the economic aspects of traffic congestion.2. Focuses on the future transport demand.3. Consider the future land use pattern and the growth of the city and the possible transport networks with the changing land use pattern.