الفهرس 
Anatomical and PhysiologicalOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Pediatrics have many differences than adults as regard anatomy, physiology and the effect of anesthetic drugs. So anesthesia for pediatric laparoscopy requires special planning and complete understanding of these differences. Proper assessment, delivering safe anesthesia throughout the procedure is the duty of the anesthiologist. precautions for pneumoperitoneum and how to deal with different gases used for insufflations should be in consideration. Complications of laparoscopy may be classified into early complication as access site injury or complication due to insufflation. Intraoperative complications associated with pneumoperitoneum effect on cardiac and respiratory systems and hemodynamics, gas embolism and complications related to instruments and equipments. Postoperative complications as pain, nausea, vomiting and wound infection. Gasless laparoscopy eliminates the risks of pneumoperitoneum by using mechanical retraction. Robotic-assisted surgery is extending into the pediatric surgical area, specifically pediatric urology.