الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Heart failure is a syndrome manifested mainly with volume overload whether in lungs in left sided failure or peripheral, intraabdominal in right sided failure. Also, there are manifestations of low cardiac output may be present. Medical therapy includes diuresis, suppression of the overactive neurohormonal systems, and augmentation of contractility. Surgical options include ventricular resynchronization therapy, intracardiac defibrilator, ventricular assist devices and heart transplantation.
Despite heart transplantation being the gold standard in advanced heart failure, mechanical circulatory support devices were used to overcome the problem of cardiac donors’ shortage. They have 3 main indications: bridge to decision, bridge to heart transplantation or as a destination therapy.