الفهرس 
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Abstract
Normally, RBCs are continually replaced via erythropoiesis every 120 days or so and in response to decreased oxygen levels in the blood detected by the kidneys. In critically ill patients, however, RBCs may be destroyed before the normal 120 days because of hemolysis splenic sequestration
Anemia is a prevailing problem in critically ill patients that often results in frequent red blood cell (RBC) transfusions Approximately 95% of patients who have been in the intensive unit (ICU) for 3 days or longer are anemic, with almost 50%results in a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, which can increase morbidity, mortality, organ failure, and length of stay in the hospital.
RBC transfusion is a vital treatment for severe anaemia, bone marrow failure, active blood loss, and sickle cell crisis. Transfusion of blood products in the per-operative setting to compensate for the estimated or expected blood loss and to hasten recovery remains common.
The main goal of RBC is its oxygen carrying capacity and improving tissue oxygenation. Besides being a transporter of oxygen, RBC is an important contributor in the autoregulation of blood vessels, tissue blood flow, and haemostasis.
Red cell transfusion should no longer be regarded as “may help, will not hurt” but, rather, should be approached as “first, do no harm”.
The aim of this work was to study Red blood cell transfusion and nosocomial infection in critically ill patients in PICU of Menoufia University Hospital .
Our prospective study was conducted in Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Menoufia University Hospital on 100 patients admitted to PICU(53 were male while 47 were female ,their ages were between one month to 18 years) .