الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutical agents in the environment are increasingly a worldwide concern. Patients, in case of drugs for human use, or animals for veterinary drugs are the main sources of contamination. Pharmaceuticals may have long half-lives in the environment, so they can accumulate, reaching detectable and biologically active levels. The existence of pharmaceuticals in surface waters, groundwater and even marine systems has been confirmed at concentrations of high to low level.
The present study was planned to:
1. Quantify the content of pharmaceutical compounds in different animal manure and compost
2. Degradation of pharmaceutical compounds and the effect of using potassium permanganate as an oxidation method and compost as a natural method.
3. Investigate the potential for the selected veterinary pharmaceutical compounds to be taken up from soil by plants.
4. Study the chemical and biochemical changes could happen to plants under growing in contaminated soil.
The study was focused in four categories:
1. Occurrence of selected pharmaceutical compounds in animal manure (poultry, chicks, pigeon, cattle manure, and compost)
2. Pharmaceutical compounds in soil
The strategy for this experiment was to evaluate the residual of pharmaceutical compounds in soil and degradation of pharmaceutical compounds by using potassium permanganate as oxidation method and compost as a natural method.
3. Pharmaceutical compounds in plants
The strategy for this experiment was to evaluate total amount of steroidal hormone and antibiotic uptaken by arugula plants
4. Effect of pharmaceutical compounds on chemical and biochemical parameters of Eruca sativa plant
This experiment was carried out to test the effect of the selected steroidal hormones (H) and antibiotics (T) individually and combined on the growth and chemical composition of Eruca sativa. .
The obtained results could be summarized in the following points:
I. Occurrence of selected pharmaceutical compounds in animal manure
All manure samples, which collected had detectable steroid hormones and antibiotic. I n general, The predominant hormone in all manure samples is 1,4-AD. chicks manure contains the highest total amount of selected hormones, The lowest content of Prog, 4-AD and 1,4-AD steroid hormones was observed in pigeon manure. The highest content of 4-AD and 1,4-AD steroid hormones was observed in chicks manure. Regarding TCs, the predominant antibiotic in all manure samples is OTC. Cattle manure has the highest content of total amount of selected antibiotics followed by chicks manure then compost. The lowest content of CTC, OTC and TC antibiotic was observed in pigeon. The highest content of CTC, and TC antibiotic was observed in chicks while of OTC was observed in cattle manure.
II. Pharmaceutical compounds in soil
1. The percentages of degraded of Prog, 4-AD and 1,4-ADbypotassium permanganate in agricultural soils were more than 98%.
2. The degradation rate constants in different treatment of soil followed the following order: O > M+O > M for Prog, 4-AD and 1, 4-AD was observed.
3. The percentages of degraded of OTC, TC, and CTC at 1 mgkg-1 by potassium permanganate in the soils were 71.3, 68.3, and 48.0%, while the percentages of degraded of OTC, TC, and CTC bycompost in the soils were 37.5, 31.5, and 32.1%, respectively.
4. The degradation rate in different tetracycline of soil followed the following order: OTC > TC > CTC.
III. Pharmaceutical compounds in plant
Generally, the content of pharmaceutical compounds (antibiotic and hormones) content increased with increasing added concentrations in the soil and decreased by using compost and potassium permanganate.
IV. Effect of pharmaceutical compounds on chemical and biochemical parameters of Eruca sativa plant
1. Pharmaceutical compounds stress caused typical biochemical changes in plants concerning the contents of fresh weight, chlorophyll, proline, and antioxidative enzyme activities.
2. Tetrcyclines increased proline content much higher than hormones.
3. A significant increase in cholorophyll content induced under steroidal hormone stress, while tetracycline induced a decrease in chlorophyll content.
4. A decreased content of chlorophyll induced by tetracycline was recorded in studies.
5. Antioxidant enzyme activities were markedly increased in all different pharmaceutical compoundstreatments
6. Powerfully an increase in catalase or peroxidase contents in plant that treated with tetracycline or steroidal hormone individually or combined compared to control was observed.
7. Potassium permanganate or compost can be used for remediation procedures in pharmaceutical compounds contaminated soils.
8. Remediation by potassium permanganate or compost could be used as an in situ, in wide space area, and low cost.
9. A significant stimulation of growth was observed under steroidal hormone stress.