الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study aimed to throw a light on the cysts and prevalent types of bursitis in both cattle and buffalo especially from clinical point of view considering the diagnosis and treatment of each case during the period from January 2015 to April 2017. Animals were collected from different localities as Surgery department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University and from private clinics and special farms in Kafr-El-Sheikh province.
The total number of examined animals was 780; including (400) buffaloes and (380) crossbreed cattle. These animals were of both sex and age ranged between 3 months up to 12 years old.
Cyst and acquired subcutaneous bursitis were recorded in 112 animals including; 83 buffaloes and 29 crossbreed cattle. The affected buffaloes include; 65 adult animals which include, branchial cysts (3) cases, olecranon bursitis (32) cases (5 acute form and 27 chronic form), pre-sternal bursitis (11) cases, pre-carpal bursitis (6) cases, bursitis of hock joint (13) cases and (18) young animals which include; branchial cysts (2) cases, chronic olecranon bursitis (2) male calves, pre-sternal bursitis (8) cases, pre-carpal bursitis (4) cases and bursitis of the hock joint (2) cases.
While crossbreed cattle were 29 animals include; branchial cysts (7) cases, bursitis (22) cases (pre-sternal bursitis (2) cases, pre-carpal bursitis (16) cases (14 in adult cattle and 2 in young calves) and bursitis of the hock joint (4) cases (3 in adult cattle and 1 young calf).
In the current study all recorded cysts were branchial cysts, which defined as a soft, fluctuating, painless swelling located subcutaneously behind the mandibular angle at the upper part of the neck. The cyst develops gradually and recorded in buffaloes, cattle and dog.
Branchial cyst is uncommon affections among ruminants. Clinical signs and exploratory puncture revealed the presence of a milky fluid which is highly confirmative for diagnosis of branchial cyst.
Surgical excision of branchial cysts appears to be the most reliable treatment. The procedure, however, is somewhat lengthy and requires fastidious dissection of the cyst from the jugular vein, common carotid artery, branches of the vagal nerve and branches of the first cervical nerve.
Four types of bursitis were recorded in this study; Olecranon bursitis in buffalo (acute and chronic), chronic cystic pre-sternal bursitis in buffalo and cattle, chronic cystic pre-carpal bursitis in buffalo and cattle and bursitis of the hock joint (fibrous and septic form) in buffalo and cattle.
In general, all bursal swellings appeared gradually without any perceptible signs of inflammation. Equal fluctuation was the most characteristic sign of bursitis in acute form. Some swellings were found as hard fibrous masses and few cases (3) have hard part and fluctuating part.
The size of bursal swelling was variable. In olecranon bursitis they reach 20- 25 cm in diameter or even more, and they cover the olecranon tuberosity in most cases and appear pedunculated and hanging with pendulous swelling behind the elbow in some other cases. Pre-sternal bursitis may reach the same size. In pre-carpal bursitis, the bursal swelling may reach a considerable size. They mostly elongated in shape in vertical manner parallel to the long axis of the limb.
The clinical signs of subcutaneous bursitis were taken from the owner, predilection seats, nature of swelling, systemic reaction if present and previous medications in all forms were highly diagnostic and exploratory puncture was highly confirmative.
Exploratory puncture in all cases of bursitis revealed umber-yellow colored synovial fluid which can be extruded freely with fingers pressure over the swelling. In long standing cases they were transformed into multilocular swellings and repeated redirection of the needle and/or repeated penetration of the swelling at different levels (sites) was the suitable solution for complete drainage.
In the initial stages of acute bursitis, eliminating the cause of trauma, pressure bandage, cold hydrotherapy and rest may be applied as a first step of treatment.
Acute aseptic olecranon bursitis was treated by aspiration of its contents with repeated injection of dexamethasone 100 mg with aqueous penicillin one million i.u. for 2-3 times with one-week interval was effective but may requires 2 additional times of evacuation and injection and refilling may occur.
chronic cystic olecranon bursitis treated by absorbent iodine ointment topically (Mega mast) twice daily without needle puncture was effective especially after parturition and removal of the trauma. Also, topical application of grease, the result was highly effective especially in the case with hard mass.
Treatment of chronic cystic olecranon bursitis by aspiration of its contents and intra bursal injection of diluted Betadine 10& (8 ml diluted in 50 ml distilled water) was effective in all treated cases.
In chronic cystic bursitis treated by aspiration of its contents and intra bursal injection of solu-cortef with aqueous penicillin or dexamethasone with pen&strep (2-3 times) at weekly interval the results were good and solu-cortef is preferable than dexamethasone.
Insertion of a Betadine 10% soaked drain inside bursal lumen rotated every 2 days for 10 days resulted in good results in 5 cases and one case converted to abscess and completed as open ulcerated old wounds or abscess and refilling in another one case.
Pre-sternal bursitis was prevalent in buffalo and treated by aspiration and injection of either solu-cortef with aqueous penicillin or dexamethasone with pen&strep (2-3) times every 5-7 days or lancing with scalpel (puncture) and touching the interior with diluted betadine and topical application of iodine ointment for 10 days. The main complication of that procedure of treatment was the need for more aspiration and injections in some cases than 3 times or even 5 times.
Pre-carpal bursitis is a common affection and prevalent in crossbreed cattle and treated medically by repeated aspiration and injection of solu-cortef with aqueous penicillin, dexamethasone with pen&strep and injection of diluted betadine (2-3) times one-week interval with application of pressure bandage, iodine ointment, plastic cover and pressure bandage the results were effective.
Inflammation of bursa is a common affection in large ruminants and it was treated by conservative /medical or invasive surgical methods. In the present study, conservative methods showed high success rates under field conditions. On the other hand, surgical excision appeared to have a rapid healing and of lower cost, but due to ignorance of the owners and their fear from surgery and possible complications they not respond to the trials done and encourage conservative medical treatment even will take more time and money and let surgery as a last trial especially in case of failure of conservative treatment, fibrous form of bursitis or in old cases.
Bursitis of the hock joint was classified to fibrous and septic form, fibrous bursitis treated by insertion of betadine 10% soaked drain for 30 days and topical application of iodine ointment while septic form of hock joint bursitis was treated as abscess.
Routine histopathological technique was run out to describe the possible mechanism of formation of bursitis lesion in buffalo in comparison to the normal animals. Try to describe and survey the different types of bursitis. In the present study cystic, fibrous, hemorrhagic and proliferative forms were recorded.