الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Annually, Egypt produces approximately 30 million tons of the agricultural biomass or crop residues. The main traditional uses of these wastes are animal feeding, composting and about 50 % of biomass is used as a fuel or direct combustion in rural areas, which cause air pollution and are extremely energy inefficient (efficiency ~ 5-10 %). However, only five crops contribute the highest amount of wastes come from rice, corn, wheat/barley, cotton and sugar cane. Crop residues should be seen not as wastes but as providers of essential environmental services, assuring the perpetuation of productive agro-ecosystems. Due to the variability and availability of lignocellulosic biomass types (feedstock), which makes the production of valuable product much less expensive like biochar, as compared to activated carbon. Biochar is a carbon-rich highly porous material produced from various types of biomass under thermochemical degradation and under limited or no supply of oxygen. There are several thermochemical processes to convert biomass into valuable products which are combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. Among them pyrolysis is one of the primary thermochemical conversion methods to convert organic matter into valuable products, such as bio fuel, biogas and biochar depending on the condition of pyrolysis and properties of feedstock. Variations in the pyrolysis process greatly affect the qualities and properties of biochar. Recently, Biochar has progressively been receiving increased attention as an inexpensive and highly effective way due to its unique properties to improve agricultural soil properties, mitigate climate change and remove organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater.