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Abstract Tomato plants considered as the most important economic crop in Family, Solanaceae which cultivated for local consumption and for exportation. Tomato suffers from damages caused by many pests like piercing sucking insects during different growth stages, which could lead to a reduction in the quantity and quality of the crop under the Egyptian conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted during 2014 and 2015 in spring and summer plantations at Kafr Alrjalat village, Tukh, Qalyubiya governorate to study the survey and seasonal activity of cotton and tomato white fly, potato leafhopper and aphids (cotton and green peach aphids) and their relationship to abiotic factors (maximum and minimum temperatures and relative humidity), as well as biotic factors (associated predator insects and plant growth stages) using two tomato cultivars ( Alissa and Super Jackal). Three sample techniques were used (yellow sticky traps, leaves samples and sweep-net). I. Ecological studies 1. 1. The surveyed insects Four piercing sucking insect species belonging to four genus and three families which belonging to one order and nine associated predatory insect species belonging to eight genus, four families and four orders were found during spring and summer plantations 2014 and 2015. 1.2. Seasonal abundance of piercing sucking insects infesting Alissa and Super Jackal cultivars on tomato plants at kafr El- rjalat village, Tukh, Qalyubiya Governorate: 1.2.1. Spring plantation 1.2.1.1. Alissa cultivar In the first year, two peaks of Bemisia tabaci population were recorded during April, 28th and May, 19th ( 153.75 and 103.75 individual/ three used techniques, respectively). In the second year, it had only one 186 SUMMARY Nada Z.S. Salama (2017), M.Sc., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. peak also during April, 28th being 159.25 individual. The number of B. tabaci was significantly higher in 2014. Two peaks of Empoasca decipiens population were detected in 2014, on 28th of April and 19th of May (174 and 115.25 individual, respectively) while only one peak was on 28th of April (152.25 individual) in the second year. The number of this pest was significantly higher in the first year. Two peaks of Aphis gossypii population were detected in the first studied year, on 31st of March and 19th of May being 39 and 29 individual. In 2015 only one peak was detected, during 17th of March (53 individual). The number of this pest was significantly higher in 2014. In 2014, two peaks of Myzus persicae population were recorded during March, 31th and May, 19th ( 65 and 64.5 individual). While in 2015, one peak only was recorded during March, 17th having mean number of 80.25 individual. No significant difference between the number of this pest in the two studied years was found . 1.2.1.2. Super Jackal cultivar In the first year, only one peak of Bemisia tabaci population was recorded on May, 5th having 130.5 individual. While in 2015 this pest had two peaks on April, 28th to May, 5th and June, 2nd ( 137.75 and 136.75 individual). Also the number of this pest was significantly higher in 2015. In 2014, three peaks of Empoasca decipiens population were detected on 7th and 28th of April and 19th of May (140.75, 162.5 and 104.5 individual, respectively). During 2015, only two peaks were also recorded on 28th of April and 26th of May (163.75 and 158 individual, respectively). The number of this insect was significantly higher in 2015. Two peaks of Aphis gossypii population were found in 2014, on 31st of March and 26th of May (97.75 and 56 individual, respectively). While for 2015, only one peak was presented on 17th of March (89 individual). The number of this pest was significantly higher in 2014. 187 SUMMARY Nada Z.S. Salama (2017), M.Sc., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. In the first year, two peaks of Myzus persicae population were recorded on March, 31th and May 26th (61.75 and 29.5 individual, respectively). While in 2015, only one peak was recorded on March, 24th having 57 individual. The number of this pest was significantly higher in the first year. 1.2.2. Summer plantation The results indicated that Bemisia tabaci and Empoasca decipiens were only found in summer plantation in both years, 2014&2015 and both cultivars, Alissa and super jackal while both aphid species (Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae) weren’t found. 1.2.2.1. Alissa cultivar Only one peak of Bemisia tabaci population was detected in the first and second year, on 26th of July having 118 and 213.25 individual, respectively. The number of this pest was significantly higher in the second year In the first and second years, only one peak of Empoasca decipiens population was recorded during July, 26th having total mean number of 149.25 and 184.25 individual, respectively. The number of E. decipiens was higher in the second year. 1.2.2.2. Super Jackal cultivar Two peaks of Bemisia tabaci population were recorded in 2014 at July, 19th and August 9th having 115.75 and 130 individual, respectively. In 2015, also two peaks were recorded at July, 26th and August 9th having 233 and 220 individual, respectively. The number of this insect was higher in the second year. Two peaks of activity of Empoasca decipiens population abundance were detected in 2014 during July, 26th and August 9th (120.75 and 122.25 individual, respectively). While in 2015, two peaks were recorded during July, 12th and 26th (197.25 and 193.5 individual, respectively). The second 188 SUMMARY Nada Z.S. Salama (2017), M.Sc., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. year had significantly higher number of this insect. Generally, the highest number of the four studied insect pests were recorded when using yellow sticky traps (51.33 individual of insect pests / trap), then the leaves samples (9.43 individual of pests/ leaflet) which significantly was the same as the sweep net (9.28 individual of insect pests/ sweep-net stroke). Also, the number of studied insect pests were significantly higher during 2015 (26.08 individual of four insect pests) than 2014 (20.50 individual of four insect pests). In addition, the number of the four insect pests were higher on spring plantation (26.87 individual of insect pests) than those recorded on summer plantation (19.72 individual of four insect pests). According to the susceptibility of cultivars, Alissa had only 20.98 individual of insect pests while, Super Jackal cultivar was infested with higher number of insect pests (25.64 individual of insect pests). 1.3. Effect of some ecological factors on population dynamics of certain piercing sucking insects infesting two cultivars of tomato plants during two successive years 2014 & 2015. The relation of abiotic factors, maximum and minimum temperatures and mean relative humidity (R.H %) in addition, the biotic factors, predators and plant stage with piercing sucking insects infesting two cultivars of tomato plants during two successive years was studied. 1.3.1. Spring plantation 1.3.1.1. Alissa cultivar The vegetation stage had a significant positive relation only in first year (r = 0.82) with the seasonal fluctuations of B. tabaci. Also, for predators, N. tenuis and C. undecimpunctata had significant positive relations in the first year with B. tabaci population (r values =0.79 and 0.77, respectively). In the second year, N. tenuis and Ch. carnea showed a significant positive relations with this insect population (r = 0.87 and 0.76, respectively). The combined effect of the studied factors (E.V.) 189 SUMMARY Nada Z.S. Salama (2017), M.Sc., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. showed 98.3% and 97.7 % effects, respectively on the population of B. tabaci ( nymphs+adults) in both years, respectively. For predator, Ch. carnea had significant positive relation (”r” value = 0.79) with E. decipiens numbers in the second year. C. undecimpunctata had only strong significant positive correlation during the first year (r= 0.82).The percentage of explained variance (E.V.) in both years were 93.48 % and 87.66 %, respectively. The aphid (A. gossypii + M. persicae) numbers correlated significantly negative with minimum temperature in 2014 (r= -0.5). In 2015, significant negative correlation of maximum and minimum temperatures with the seasonal fluctuations of aphid, were found (”r” values = -0.76 and -0.72, respectively. The mean percentage of relative humidity had significant positive correlation in both years with aphid numbers (”r” values were 0.66 and 0.74, respectively). For plant stages, they had significant negative correlation in second year (”r” value=-0.94, -0.86 and -0.77, respectively). For predators, Ch. carnea had significant negative relation (r= -0.67) in the second year. While, C. undecimpunctata showed significant negative correlation in the first year (r = -0.63). The combined effect of these factors as a group (E.V.) affected with 94.42% and 99.85 % on aphid in both years, respectively. 1.3.1.2. Super Jackal cultivar In the second year, significant positive of maximum temperature and significant negative of relative humidity relations were found with the seasonal fluctuations of B. tabaci (r = 0.58 and -0.83, respectively ).For the plant stage, vegetation and flowering stages had significant positive relations in the second year (r values = 0.67 and 0.54, respectively). For predators, N. tenuis and Ch. carnea, had significant positive relations where ”r” values were 0.73 and 0.61, respectively in the second year. The predator, C. undecimpunctata had significant positive correlation with the pest number in both years (”r” values were 0.65 and 0.87, respectively). On the other hand, significant positive correlation was found (r= 0.60) for 190 SUMMARY Nada Z.S. Salama (2017), M.Sc., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. C. septempunctata in the first year. The combined effect of these factors as a group (E.V.) affected with 97.45% and 91.23 % on this pest in both years, respectively. The mean percentage of relative humidity had significant negative relation in the second year with this pest (r=-0.74). The vegetation stage had significant positive relation in the second year (”r” value =0.59). For predators, Ch. carnea had only significant positive relation with E. decipiens numbers (r value = 0.56) in the second year, while, C. undecimpunctata had significant positive correlation during both years (”r” values = 0.58 and 0.82, respectively). The predator C. septempunctata had only significant positive association in the first year (r value=0.62). The percentages of explained variance (E.V.) for all factors in both years were 92.51 % and 81.03 %, respectively. Significant negative correlation of maximum and minimum temperatures was found with the seasonal fluctuations of aphid (A. gossypii + M. persicae) in both years, where ”r” values were -0.73 and - 0.69 for 2014 and -0.72 and -0.66 for 2015, respectively. On the other hand, the mean percentage of relative humidity had significant positive relation in both years ( ”r” values = 0.75 and 0.78, respectively). For plant stage, the vegetation stage had significant negative correlation in both years, ( ”r” values = -0.62 and – 0.90, respectively). The flowering and fruiting stages had only significant negative relations in the second year (”r” values = -0.81&- 0.71, respectively). For predators, Ch. carnea and C. undecimpunctata had significant negative correlation in second year with this pests (r value = -0.81 and -0.53, respectively), while Sc. syriacus had significant negative correlation in both years (”r” values were -0.53 and -0.50, respectively). The combined effect of these factors as a group (E.V) showed 92.91% and 99.91 % in both years, respectively |