الفهرس 
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Abstract
PE affects 2–8% of all pregnancies, although treatment is generally effective. However, 10–15% of direct maternal deaths are associated with PE and eclampsia.
Complications in the liver, kidneys, brain and the circulatory system are the major causes for maternal mortality and morbidity. For the newborn, the risks include intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), IUFD and prematurity.
PE has been called the “disease of theories” because of its enigmatic pathophysiology. Although the cause of the disease remains unknown, it is characterized by a failure of trophoblastic invasion and spiral arteries remodeling, which impair placental perfusion and lead to vascular endothelial dysfunction, vasospasm and a high-resistance uteroplacental circulation. .
Clinical studies have shown that early detection and treatment of PE and eclampsia reduce maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. However, preventing PE and eclampsia remain major problems in maternal and childhealth.
Doppler velocimetry is a non-invasive method to evaluate blood flow in both maternal and fetal vascular districts. On the maternal side, an increased resistance in the uterine arteries correlates with a lack of trophoblastic invasion. Fetal hypoxic stress is associated with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler indices and the compensatory cerebral vasodilatation causes a decrease in middle cerebral artery Doppler pulsatility.
Doppler velocimetry is used to follow and manage pre-eclamptic women and there is strong evidence that abnormal individual vessel indices correlate with pregnancy complications.
Ultrasound of the brachial artery, Doppler ultrasound of the CCA, uterine artery, MCA, Umbilical artery and DV are non-invasive methods that contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of PE and eclampsia and its effect on fetal and maternal circulations.
The aim from this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of these tests in assessing vascular changes in normal pregnant women and in women with PE and the predictive value of these changes on fetal and maternal out come.