الفهرس 
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Abstract
Cockatiels and budgerigars are usually caged birds belonging to wild birds. They becoming more popular as household pets. These birds could represent an important source and reservoir of pathogenic bacteria and may play a role in spreading and transmission of infection to other birds, man and surrounding animals. These birds are usually exposed to alimentary tract microbial infections. The faecal culture from faecal samples is a common practice as a routine avian examination. This study was planned to discover and discuss the bacteria affecting these birds. This bacteria may be normally inhabitant in the intestinal tract or may be pathogenic causing diseases. A total number of 258 faecal samples out of them 230 samples from apparently healthy birds, while 28 samples from clinically diseased ones suffering from weakness, depression, ruffled feather, wet vent and its surrounding feather with yellow to greenish diarrhoea and respiratory manifestation. These samples collected from Sharkia and Ismailia governorates in winter season from cockatiels and budgerigars birds present in household pets, pet shops and private collections. The result of bacteriological examination revealed the isolation of E.coli (51.28%), Salmonella (10.26%), Klebsiella (17.95%), Proteus (17.95%) and Enterobacter (2.56%) respectively in relation to total number of isolates. They were infected with percentage of E.coli (7.75%), Salmonella (1.55%), Klebsiella (2.71%), proteus (2.71%) and Enterobacter (0.39%) respectively in relation to total number of collected samples. The isolated E.coli serovars were belonging to O1:K1 (10%), O2:K1 (15%), O26:K1 (5%) and untypable serovars (70%) in relation to total number of isolated E.coli, while represented by O1:K1 (13.3%), O2:K1 (20%), O26:K1 (6.7%) and untypable (60%) in relation to diseased samples and untypable serovars in case of healthy samples.
The antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that, ciprofloxacin and gentamycin were the most effective drugs against the isolated E.coli. While ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime and doxycycline were he most effective drugs against the isolated salmonella. Moreover, cefotaxime and gentamycin were the most effective antibiotics against the isolated klebsiella.
Concerning the isolated Proteus, the most effective drugs were Kanamycin, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Gentamycin, amoxicillin and doxycycline were the most effective antibiotics against the isolated Enterobacter.
Isolated E.coli strains in this study were examined for enterotoxin production, it was founded that O26 and untypable were heat labile toxin producer [LT]. While O1, O2 and untypable were verotoxin producer. On the other hand, no heat stable toxin producer strains [ST].
PCR was used as a modern tool and practice for identification and differentiation between E.coli isolates.
Cockatiels and budgerigars are usually caged birds belonging to wild birds. They becoming more popular as household pets. These birds could represent an important source and reservoir of pathogenic bacteria and may play a role in spreading and transmission of infection to other birds, man and surrounding animals.
These birds are usually exposed to alimentary tract microbial infections. The faecal culture from faecal samples is a common practice as a routine avian examination.
This study was planned to discover and discuss the bacteria affecting these birds. This bacteria may be normally inhabitant in the intestinal tract or may be pathogenic causing diseases.
A total number of 258 faecal samples out of them 230 samples from apparently healthy birds, while 28 samples from clinically diseased ones suffering from weakness, depression, ruffled feather, wet vent and its surrounding feather with yellow to greenish diarrhoea and respiratory manifestation.
These samples collected from Sharkia and Ismailia governorates in winter season from cockatiels and budgerigars birds present in household pets, pet shops and private collections.
The result of bacteriological examination revealed the isolation of E.coli (51.28%), Salmonella (10.26%), Klebsiella (17.95%), Proteus (17.95%) and Enterobacter (2.56%) respectively in relation to total number of isolates. They were infected with percentage of E.coli (7.75%), Salmonella (1.55%), Klebsiella (2.71%), proteus (2.71%) and Enterobacter (0.39%) respectively in relation to total number of collected samples.
The isolated E.coli serovars were belonging to O1:K1 (10%), O2:K1 (15%), O26:K1 (5%) and untypable serovars (70%) in relation to total number of isolated E.coli, while represented by O1:K1 (13.3%), O2:K1 (20%), O26:K1 (6.7%) and untypable (60%) in relation to diseased samples and untypable serovars in case of healthy samples.
The antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that, ciprofloxacin and gentamycin were the most effective drugs against the isolated E.coli. While ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime and doxycycline were he most effective drugs against the isolated salmonella. Moreover, cefotaxime and gentamycin were the most effective antibiotics against the isolated klebsiella.
Concerning the isolated Proteus, the most effective drugs were Kanamycin, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Gentamycin, amoxicillin and doxycycline were the most effective antibiotics against the isolated Enterobacter.
Isolated E.coli strains in this study were examined for enterotoxin production, it was founded that O26 and untypable were heat labile toxin producer [LT]. While O1, O2 and untypable were verotoxin producer. On the other hand, no heat stable toxin producer strains [ST].
PCR was used as a modern tool and practice for identification and differentiation between E.coli isolates.