الفهرس 
Acknowledgement
Effect of spraying some plant extractsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 154 |  |  |
| | | from | 154 | | |
Abstract
The present study was executed in 2013, 2014 and 2015 seasons on Flame seedless grapevines grown in a private vineyard situated at Tenda Village Malawy district, Minia Governorate, Egypt. Soil of the vineyard is clay texture, well drained and surface irrigation system was followed using Nile water. The vines were 10 years old at the starting of this experiment and spaced at 1.75x2.25 meters apart. The vines trained according to the double cordon system and supported with Y modified shape method. Pruning was carried out at the first week of January by leaving 60 eyes/vine, on the basis of 16 fruiting spurs with 3 eyes on each spur plus six replacement spurs with 2 eyes each. One hundred and sixty eight vines, with no visual nutrient deficiency symptoms and at almost uniform in their vigor were chosen and devoted to achieve this experiment. This experiment included two factors. The first factor comprised four summer pruning treatments as follows: A1- No summer pruning (control). A2- Pinching main shoots and head suckering. A3- Pinching both main and laterals shoots plus head suckering. A4- Pinching both main and laterals shoots plus head suckering and removing leaves under clusters. The second factor involved the following seven treatments as follow: B1- Control (spraying with water). B2- Spraying garlic extract at 0.1%. B3- Spraying garlic extract at 0.2%. B4- Spraying turmeric extract at 0.1%. B5- Spraying turmeric extract at 0.2%. B6- Spraying roselle extract at 0.1%. B7- Spraying roselle extract at 0.2% The following parameters were determined to evaluate the effects of different plant extracts spraying on growth, yield and berry quality. 1- Some vegetative growth Parameters. 2- Yield and its components. 3- Cluster and berry characteristic. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design in split plot arrangement. The four summer pruning treatments occupied the main plots and the seven plant extracts ranked the sub-plots. The results could be summarized as follow: 1- Effect of certain summer pruning and plant extracts spraying on vegetative growth: 1.1- Cane thickness and pruning wood weight: All practices of summer pruning were significantly stimulated cane thickness compared to unprunned. On other hand, all practices of summer pruning significantly decreased the annual pruning wood weight compared to unprunned. Head suckering and pinching the main shoots was preferable in enhancing such two growth traits than punching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster. No significant differences were obtained for either pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering or pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster. The maximum values of cane thickness were recorded when summer pruning was carried out by pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster. Cane thickness and pruning wood were significantly increased by spraying either garlic, turmeric or roselle extracts compared to unsprayed vines. Spraying garlic extract was resulted in more announced and highly significant increment in these studied traits compared to unsprayed ones (control). The promotion in these growth traits was associated with increasing concentration of any extract spraying from 0.1 to 0.2%. No significant differences were found due to increase the extract concentration as well as any extract spraying, whatever garlic, turmeric or roselle. In addition, the cane thickness and pruning wood weight significantly responded to the interaction between the two studied factors. The highest values of cane thickness pinching both main shoots and laterals plus head suckering (A2) or pinching both main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster (A4) along spraying with 0.1% or 0.2% of garlic extract. Moreover, no significant differences due to use any spraying with of the three extracts or to increase the spraying concentration combined with any of studied certain of summer pruning 1.2- Leaf area and leaf pigments: All practices of summer pruning were significantly increased leaf area, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B and carotenes compared to unprunned. Pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster was preferable than head suckering and pinching the main shoots in affected of these growth criteria. No significantly differences were obtained either for pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering or pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster. The maximum values of leaf area and its pigments recorded when summer pruning was carried out by pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster. Spraying garlic extract was resulted in more announced and highly significant increment in these studied traits compared to unsprayed ones (control). The promotion in these growth traits was associated with increasing concentration of any extract spraying from 0.1 to 0.2%. The maximum values were recorded on vines that sprayed with garlic extracts at 0.2%. No significant differences were found due to increase the extract concentration as well as any extract spraying, whatever garlic, turmeric or roselle. In addition, that the leaf area and its pigments significantly responded to the interaction between the two studied factors. The highest values of leaf area, chlorophyll A, B and carotenes were recorded due to pinching both main shoots and laterals plus head suckering (A3) or pinching both main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster (A4) along spraying with 0.1% or 0.2% of garlic extract. Moreover, no significant differences were observed on such parameters due to use any spraying with of the three extracts or to increase the spraying concentration combined with either pinching both main and laterals plus had suckering (A3) or both main and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster (A4). The results declared that the combination effects significantly increased the leaf area and pigments than increment or improvement due to individual effects of either summer pruning treatments or plant extract spraying. 2- Effect of certain summer pruning and plant extracts spraying on fruiting: 2.1- Number of clusters and yield/vine: Number of clusters borne on the vine in the first season did not significantly alter with varying the practices of summer pruning. All practices of summer pruning were significantly increased the number of clusters/vine and yield/vine compared to unprunned ones. Pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster was preferable than head suckering and pinching the main shoots in increasing of yield components. No significantly differences were obtained either for pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering (A3) or pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster (A4). Number of clusters borne on the vine during the first studied season did not alter with varying the spraying treatments. During the second and third seasons, the number clusters/vine was significantly increased by spraying either garlic, turmeric or roselle extracts compared to unsprayed vines. All spraying treatments significantly increased the weight of yield/vine compared to unsprayed ones (control). Spraying garlic extract resulted in more announced and highly significant increment in yield components compared to unsprayed ones (control). The promotion in the yield components were associated with increasing concentration of any extract spraying from 0.1 to 0.2%. No significant differences were found due to increase the extract concentration as well as any extract spraying, whatever garlic, turmeric or roselle. In addition, that the number of cluster and yield/vine significantly responded to the interaction between the two studied factors. The highest values of cluster number and yield weight/vine were recorded due to pinch both main shoots and laterals plus head suckering (A3) or pinching both main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster (A4) along spraying with 0.1% or 0.2% of garlic extract. Moreover, no significant differences were observed due to use any spraying with of the three extracts or to increase the spraying concentration combined with any of studied certain of summer pruning. It could be concluded that 0.1% of any studied plant extract spraying with pinching both main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster was beneficial in improvement of growth and productivity of vines. 2.2- Cluster traits: All practices of summer pruning were significantly increased the weight and length of clusters compared to unprunned ones. On other hand, the berries number per cluster did not change significantly as influenced by any summer pruning practices compared to unprunned vines. All summer pruning practices did not significantly affected on berries number per cluster and significantly increased the cluster length, hence the cluster compactness coefficient was significantly decreased due to any summer pruning practices done compared to unprunned ones. Pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster was preferable than head suckering and pinching the main shoots in affected of these cluster traits. No significantly differences were obtained either for pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering or pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster. The maximum values of cluster weight and length and least cluster compactness coefficient were recorded when summer pruning was carried out by pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster. The length and weight of cluster were significantly increased by spraying either garlic, turmeric or roselle extracts compared to unsprayed vines. On other hand, the berries number per cluster was insignificantly affected by different plant extract used. Hence, the cluster compactness coefficient was significantly decreased due to use any plant extract compared untreated ones. The promotion in these cluster traits was associated with increasing concentration of any extract spraying from 0.1 to 0.2%. The maximum values were recorded on vines that sprayed with garlic extracts at 0.2%. No significant differences were found due to increase the extract concentration as well as any extract spraying, whatever garlic, turmeric or roselle on view economic point, it could be concluded that spraying any plant extract at 0.1%. In addition, that some cluster traits were significantly responded to the interaction between the two studied factors. The highest values of cluster weight and its length and lowest values of cluster compactness coefficient were recorded for pinching both main shoots and laterals plus head suckering (A3) or pinching both main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster (A4) along spraying with 0.1% or 0.2% of garlic extract. Moreover, no significant differences due to use any spraying with of the three extracts or to increase the spraying concentration combined with any of studied certain of summer pruning. It could be concluded that 0.1% of any studied plant extract spraying with pinching both main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster had beneficial improvement of cluster traits. 2.3- Effect of certain summer pruning and plant extracts spraying on some berry quality: Some physical properties as, weight and dimension of berries as well as chemical properties i.e. total soluble solids, reducing sugars, titratable acidity and anthocyanin in berry skin were significantly affected by all summer pruning practices. All summer pruning practices were significantly increased the weight, length and wide of berries compared to unprunned ones. Similar, all studied summer pruning were significantly increased total soluble solid (TSS), reducing sugars and anthocyanin and significantly decreased the titratable acid (as tartaric acid) compared to unprunned ones. So, it could be concluded that all studied summer pruning practices improved the berry quality in terms of increasing berry weight, size, total soluble solid, reducing sugars and anthocyanin in berry skin and decreasing titratable acidity compared to unprunned ones. Pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster was preferable than head suckering and pinching the main shoots in affected of these growth criteria. No significantly differences were obtained either for pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering or pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster. The maximum values of berry traits were recorded when summer pruning was carried out by pinching both the main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster. Physiochemical properties were significantly improved by spraying either garlic, turmeric or roselle extracts compared to unsprayed vines. Spraying turmeric extract was resulted in more announced and highly significant increment in these studied traits compared to unsprayed ones (control). The promotion in these berry traits was associated with increasing concentration of any extract spraying from 0.1 to 0.2%. No significant differences were found due to increase the extract concentration as well as any extract spraying, whatever garlic, turmeric or roselle on view economic point, it could be concluded that spraying any plant extract at 0.1%. In addition, that the physiochemical properties significantly responded to the interaction between the two studied factors. The highest values of berry weight, berry size, TSS, reducing sugar and anthocyanin in berry skin least values of total acidity were reduced due to pinching both main shoots and laterals plus head suckering (A2) or pinching both main shoots and laterals plus head suckering and removing leaves under cluster (A4) along spraying with 0.1% or 0.2% of turmeric extract. On other hand, the least values of these berry quality and highest values of total acidity were seen on untreated vines. Moreover, no significant differences were observed due to use any spraying with of the three extracts or to increase the spraying concentration combined with any of studied certain of summer pruning.