الفهرس 
Introduction
Effect of gypsum on sugarcane varieties productivity and qualityOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Farm of Mallawi Agriculture Research Station – El-Minia Governorate, Egypt during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 seasons (plant crops) to study the influence of gypsum, filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization (inorganic fertilization) on yield and juice quality of three sugarcane varieties at plant crop. The study included 45 treatments which were the combination of three factors of the different levels. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Split split plots arrangement was used. Plot area of each sub–sub included five ridges, seven meters in length and one meter in width, thus plot area was 35 mP 2 P (1/120 fed.). L.S.D. at 5% level of probability was used for comparison between means. The different treatments were: Main plots: Gypsum (G), Sub plots: Filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization (F.M.C + I.F), Sub-sub plots: varieties (V). 1- Gypsum levels: 0.0 , 1 ton and 2 ton gypsum per feddan. 2 - Filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization levels (per feddan): 1] 0.0 filter mud cake + 100% NPK (220, 60 and 48 kg/fed. recommended dose). 2] 1 ton filter mud cake + 100% NPK. (220, 60 and 48 kg/fed. recommended dose) 3] 2 ton filter mud cake + 100% NPK (220, 60 and 48 kg/feddan recommended dose). 4] 1 ton filter mud cake + 196.9 kg N + 35.0 kg P + 44.9 K (kg/fed.) (based on average contents of one ton of filter mud cake). 5] 2 ton filter mud cake + 173.8 kg N + 10.0 kg P + 41.8 K (kg/fed.) (based on average contents of 2 tons of filter mud cake). 3- Varieties: Three sugar cane varieties were (G.T. 54-9 (the commercial sugarcane variety), G. 99-103 and G. 99-160). Results could be summarized as follow 1- Effect of gypsum and filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization on growth attributes of three sugarcane varieties. a. Stalk length (cm): Stalk length significantly increased as gypsum rate increased up to 2 ton/fed in the both growing seasons. The tallest stalks were obtained from using 2 ton filter mud cake/fed with 100% NPK in the first and the second growing seasons. Significant variances between the three tested sugarcane varieties in stalk length were obtained in both growing seasons. The commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9 surpassed the other tested varieties (G. 99-103 and G. 99-160). All interactions were significant with respect to stalk length in the two growing seasons. The tallest sugarcane plants in the first and the second growing seasons were found when plants of commercial variety sugarcane G.T 54-9 fertilized by 2 ton gypsum + 2 ton FMC with (173.8 N + 10.0 P + 41.8 K kg/fed.). a. Stalk diameter(cm): Gypsum application caused a high significant increase in the value of stalk diameter in the two growing seasons. Increasing gypsum dose up to 2 ton/fed increased the values of stalk diameter. On the basis of two years average data maximum values of stalk diameter were produced in adding of 2 ton filter mud cake with recommended doses of NPK The commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9 surpassed G.99- 103 and G.99-160 varieties in stalk diameter in the first and the second growing seasons and marked the highest values in this trait All interactions were significant with respect to stalk diameter in the two growing seasons. The thickest sugarcane plants in the first and the second growing seasons were found when plants of the commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9 treated by 2 ton gypsum and 2 ton FMC + 100% NPK in the 1st and 2nd growing seasons. b. Number of green leaves/plant. Number of green leaves/plant at harvest significantly responded to gypsum amendment. Increasing gypsum level up to 2 ton/fed increased the values of green leaves number/plant. Using chemical fertilizer according to green leaves number/plant either used alone or in combination with filter mud cake had a significant effect on this trait in the both of the first and second growing seasons Maximum values of number of green leaves/plant were attained when using 2 ton FMC + 100% NPK in the first and the second growing seasons. There was a significant variance on number of green leaves/plant due to the varieties in the two growing seasons. The highest values in this trait achieved by planted the sugarcane variety G.T 54-9. All interactions were significant with respect to number of green leaves/plant in the two growing seasons. The commercial sugarcane varieties G.T 54-9 surpassed the other two studied varieties and gave the highest values in this trait in the first and second growing seasons when treated by 2 ton gypsum and 1 ton filter mud cake with the recommended doses of NPK. c. Leaves consist of N, P, K, S and Ca (%): Gypsum rates insignificantly affected on the percentages of P and K and significantly on the percentages of N, S and Ca of sugar cane leaf in the both seasons, the highest leaves values of N, S and Ca were attained by 2ton gypsum/fed. in the 1st and the 2nd seasons. Treatments of filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization had significant effects on the percentages of N, P, K, S and Ca of sugar cane leaves in the two growing seasons. The highest values for N, P, K, S and Ca concentrations achieved by using 2ton filter mud cake with 173.8 N + 10.0 P + 41.8 K (kg/fed.). The three examined varieties differed significantly in respect to N, P and K and insignificantly differed in respect to S and Ca of sugar cane leaves in the two growing seasons. G. 99-160 sugarcane variety marked the highest percentages of N, P and K in the 1st and the 2nd growing seasons. The second order interaction among all studied factors showed insignificant effects on N, P, S and Ca leaf concentrations in the first and the second growing seasons, while showed significant effect in K concentration only in the second season. 2. Effect of gypsum and filter mud cake on Juice quality traits of three sugarcane varieties: a. Brix reading (%): Brix% significantly affected by gypsum rates in the two seasons, the highest values of brix percentage were recorded with application of 2 ton gypsum/fed in the first and the second seasons. Brix % was significantly affected by filter mud cake application with inorganic fertilization; these results were true in the 1st and the 2nd growing seasons. Brix percentage was significantly affected by the studied sugarcane varieties in the first and the second growing seasons. G. 99- 160 sugarcane variety recorded the highest values of brix% in the two seasons. All interactions were significant with respect to brix percentage in the two growing seasons except the interaction between gypsum x filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization in the first season. The highest brix% in the 1st season recorded with sugarcane variety G. 99- 103 and sugar cane variety G.T 54-9 in the 2nd season when fertilized by 2 ton gypsum and 2 ton filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization at rate of 173.8, 10.0 and 41.8 NPK (kg/fed.). b. Sucrose percentage (%): Sucrose percentage was significantly influenced by the gypsum application in the two growing seasons. The highest values of sucrose% recorded with adding 2 ton gypsum/fed. in the two seasons. Significant difference in sucrose% due to application of filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization in the both growing seasons, the highest sucrose% were gained by plants treated by 1ton filter mud cake and 196.9 N + 35.0 P + 44.9 K (kg/fed.) in the two growing seasons. There were insignificant differences in sucrose percentage among the studied varieties in the first growing season, while its effect was significantly in the second growing season. The highest sucrose% was obtained from the commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9. The 2nd order interaction appeared a significant influence on the values of sucrose% in the two growing seasons. The highest values of sucrose percentage were recorded with the combination between the commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9 treated by 2 ton gypsum and 1ton filter mud cake with 196.9 N + 35.0 P + 44.9 K (kg/fed.) in the 1st and the 2nd growing seasons. c. juice Purity percentage (%): The data revealed that despite of the significant effect of gypsum rates on purity% in the 1st growing season, it could be noted that gypsum rates did not attained a positive effect on the purity percentage. The highest purity percentage in the first season resulted from the control treatment (zero gypsum). Differences among filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization rates in their effect on purity percentage were significant only in the first growing season. The highest juice purity percentage resulted from the application of 1ton filter mud cake with 196.9 N + 35.0 P + 44.9 K (kg/fed.) Differences among varieties in respect to juice purity percentage were as small as to reach the level of significance in both growing season. However, the commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9 surpassed the other varieties in purity percentage in the 1st and the 2nd growing seasons. The second order interaction was significant with respect to purity% in the first growing season. The highest values of purity percentage produced from the combination between G. 99-160 sugarcane variety treated by the control of gypsum treatment (zero gypsum) and 1ton filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization at rates of 196.9 N + 35.0 P + 44.9 K (kg/fed.). d. Reducing sugars percentage (%): Gypsum rates exhibited significant effect on reducing sugars percentage only in the first growing season. An increase in reducing sugars% was recorded as gypsum rates increased from zero up to 2 ton gypsum/fed. Filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization levels had a significant effect on reducing sugars percentage in the both growing seasons. It could be noted that the lowest values of reducing sugars% attained from using 1 ton+196.9 N + 35.0 P + 44.9 K (kg/fed.) in the first season and using 1ton filter mud cake with 100% NPK in the second one, respectively. The trait of reducing sugars% insignificantly affected by the examined sugar cane varieties in the first and the second growing seasons. Once more reducing sugars percentage significantly affected by the second order interaction among the three studied factors in the first growing season. The highest values in the trait of reducing sugars percentage resulted from applying of 2 ton gypsum, 2 ton filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization at rates of 173.8 N + 10.0 P + 41.8 K and the G. 99-160 sugarcane variety in the first seasons. e. Sugar recovery percentage (%): Sugar recovery percentage significantly affected by the gypsum rate in both of the first and the second growing seasons. The highest values of this trait obtained when plants of sugarcane received 2 ton gypsum/fed. in the 1st and the 2nd growing seasons. Filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization had a significant effect on the trait of sugar recovery percentage in the first and the second growing seasons. By raising the rates of filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization up to 1 ton FMC with 196.9 N + 35.0 P + 44.9 K (kg/fed.) the percentage of sugar recovery marked the highest values in the first and the second growing seasons. Varieties differed significantly in respect to sugar recovery percentage not only in the first growing season but also in the second one. The second order interaction among all of studied factors showed significant affect on sugar recovery percentage in the two growing seasons. In the first and the second growing season, the highest values in this trait attained from the plots which planted by G.T 54-9 sugarcane variety and treated with 2 ton gypsum/fed. and 1 ton filter mud cake with 196.9 N + 35.0 P + 44.9 K (kg/fed.), respectively. 3. Effect of gypsum and filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization on yield and yield components of three sugarcane varieties: a. Single millable cane weight (kg): Increasing the gypsum rates from zero to 1 ton and 2 ton/fed. increased considerably and gradually single millable cane weight. Significant response in the trait of single stalk weight as affected by the levels of filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization, the highest values of this trait in the first and the second growing seasons achieved when plant of sugarcane received 2 ton FMC with 100% NPK. Among the varieties the data concluded that there was a significant variation between the studied varieties. The commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9 marked the highest values in the trait of single millable cane weight (kg) in both of the first and second growing seasons. All interactions were significant with respect to single millable cane weight in the two growing seasons. The highest values in the trait of single stalk weight were found when plants of the commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9 supplied by 2 ton gypsum and 2 ton filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization at rates of 100% doses of NPK in the first and second growing seasons. b. Number of millable cane (thousand/fed.) Increasing gypsum application rate up to 2 ton/fed significantly increased the values of number of millable cane/feddan over the other rates. These results were true in the 1st and the 2nd seasons. The influence of combined using of filter mud cake and chemical fertilization showed a significant effect on the trait of number of millable cane/feddan either in the first or the second growing seasons. Sugarcane varieties differed significantly in the number of millable canes/feddan in the 1st season and the 2nd season. The highest values in this trait attained when planting of the sugarcane variety G. 99-160 as a result of using 2 ton gypsum/fed and 1 ton filter mud cake with 100% NPK followed by the same sugarcane variety when received the same gypsum rate and 100% NPK without adding filter mud cake, these results in the 2nd season, whereas the second order interaction showed insignificant effect in this trait in the first one. c. Millable cane yield (ton/fed): Gypsum increased significantly and gradually the cane yield in both of the first and second growth seasons. Both the 1st and the 2nd cane yield improved when the plots treated with gypsum compared with untreated plots, the highest rate of gypsum (2 ton/fed.) gave the highest values of this trait in the two seasons. Filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization levels had significant effect on cane yield (ton/fed). The highest cane yield in both of the1st and the 2nd growing seasons attained when sugarcane plants received 2 ton filter mud cake with 100% NPK. Significant variance between the three studied sugarcane varieties in cane yield were found in both seasons, the commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9 surpassed G. 99-103 and G. 99-160 varieties in cane yield in the two growing seasons. The recorded date showed that the commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9 gave the highest cane yield when received 2 ton gypsum and 2 ton filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization at rates of 100% NPK in the second season, whereas the 2nd order interaction were not significant in respect of cane yield trait in the first season. d. Sugar yield (ton/fed.) Gypsum increased significantly the sugar yield in the first and second growing seasons. Both of the 1st and the 2nd sugar yield improved when the plots treated with gypsum compared with untreated plots, the highest rate of gypsum (2 ton/fed.) gave the highest values of this trait in the first and the second growing seasons. Filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization levels had significant effect on the trait of sugar yield (ton/fed) in the two seasons. The highest values in the trait of sugar yield in the1st and the 2nd growing seasons attained when sugarcane plants received 2 ton filter mud cake with 100% NPK. Significant variance between the three studied sugarcane varieties in sugar yield in the first and the second season, the commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9 surpassed G. 99-103 and G. 99-160 varieties in sugar yield in both seasons. All interactions among the three studied factors were significant in sugar yield in the two growing seasons. The recorded date showed that the commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9 gave the highest sugar yield when received 2 ton gypsum and 2 ton filter mud cake with the 100% recommended doses of NPK (kg/fed.) in the two growing seasons. 4 Effect of gypsum and filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization on economics analysis of three sugarcane varieties: a. Gross return (GR) and benefits cost ratio (BCR): Gypsum rates significantly increased the gross return and benefits cost ratio in the two growing seasons. The results stated that the highest gross return and benefits cost ratio were attained when the gypsum rates raised up to 2 ton gypsum/fed. in the 1st and the 2nd growing seasons. As for filter mud cake with inorganic fertilization, the data showed that it had a significant effect on the gross return and benefits cost ratio in the two growing seasons. The highest gross return were gained when treated by 2 ton filter mud cake + 100% NPK, whereas the highest average of BCR were attained when treated sugarcane soil by 2 ton filter mud cake +173.8 N + 10.0 P + 41.8 K (kg/fed.) in the two growing seasons. Varieties differed significantly in respect of gross return and BCR in the two growing seasons. The highest values in respect of gross return and BCR recorded when planting the commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9 in the two growing seasons. The second order interaction showed a significant effect on the gross return and benefits cost ratio (BCR) in the second growing season only. The highest gross return and BCR were recorded when planting the commercial sugarcane variety G.T 54-9 and using 2 ton gypsum + 2ton filter mud cake with 100% NPK and the same sugarcane variety fertilized by 2 ton gypsum + 2 ton filter mud cake with 173.8 N + 10.0 P + 41.8 K (kg/fed.), respectively.