الفهرس 
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Abstract
Obesity is considered as a multifactorial condition resulting from combination between genetic, environmental and\or pathological causes leading to accumulation of excessive body fat. It is also considered as an inflammatory process which results in multiple co-morbidities as insulin resistance, coronary heart disease, cancer, hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome.
Diabetes mellitus is stated to be a multifactorial and a polygenic syndrome. Some researchers showed that gene polymorphisms of some genes may contribute to that pathology. Insulin resistance is considered the main feature of T2DM.
Adiponectin is an insulin sensitizing hormone which is secreted from adipocytes. It acts through three receptors adiponectin receptor 1, adiponectin receptor 2 and T cadherin. It has cardioprotective effects, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, as well as other functions in obesity related diseases and in immunity.
Many studies have identified the role of genetic variants related to obesity and T2DM; however, the results are still contradictory. This may have occurred due to the diversity of the ethnic groups involved and their respective genetic variability as well as to variations in age, gender, and sample size. Furthermore, there is divergence regarding diets and lifestyles, which modulate the phenotype of body weight.
The aim of the present study is to assess ADIPOQ gene rs1501299 (+276G>T) polymorphism and its relation to obesity (BMI) and T2DM.
The present study was conducted on 90 subjects; 50 obese diabetic patients (group I), 20 obese non diabetic patients (group II) and 20 non obese non diabetic individuals (group III). Routine laboratory investigations including FBS, RBS and lipid profile were done. Detection of adiponectin gene polymorphism (+276 G>T polymorphism) by real time PCR was performed for all subjects involved in this study.
Comparative analysis between the three studied groups revealed a highly statistical significant difference regarding weight, BMI, fasting and random blood sugar levels, triglycerides and family history of T2DM. No significant difference was observed towards age, height, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels.
However when comparing the three studied groups as regards lipid profile according to qualitative values, there was only statistical significant difference as regards serum TC being higher in group II (obese non diabetic), as well as serum TG being higher in group I.
The highest percentage of increased serum level of TC and LDL was shown among obese non diabetic subjects (group II), while highest percentage of increased TG was found among obese diabetic patients (group I).
Detection of adiponectin gene polymorphism in the present study showed that homozygous (GG) genotype was the most prevalent genotype among the 3 groups, while homogenous (TT) genotypes were the least. No statistically significant difference was observed between the 3 groups regarding the G and T alleles or genotypes frequencies of ADIPOQ 276 SNP.
Moreover, no statistical significant difference was found on comparing (GG) genotype versus (GT) and (TT) genotypes as well as when comparing the three studied groups versus each other as regards genotype and allele frequency.
Association between different genotypes and alleles and different parameters in the study revealed no significant differences except for HDL in group I (obese diabetic) and group III (non-obese non diabetics), RBS in group II (obese non diabetic). Positive family history of T2DM had a highly significant association with all of the 3 groups. Also association between GG genotype and GT\TT and different parameters in all studied groups revealed no significant difference except for positive family history of T2DM which showed a highly significant association with all of the studied genotypes
In conclusion: The relationship between ADIPOQ gene polymorphism, obesity and T2DM, is complex and points to ethnic variations. In the current study, the homozygous (GG) genotype and the G allele of SNP 276 of ADIPOQ gene were the most prevalent among the 3 studied groups. The study revealed no statistical significant difference between the 3 groups regarding the G and T alleles or genotypes frequencies of ADIPOQ 276 SNP. Multiple further studies involving other SNPs of ADIPOQ gene as well as other genes involved in obesity and adiponectin metabolic pathways are required.