الفهرس 
AIM OF THE WORKOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading
cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide, accounting for 23% of total
cancer cases and 14% of all cancer related mortalities. Currently, the life
time risk of developing breast cancer for women is 1/8. However, more
than 40% of the affected patients are currently more than 65 years of age
and remarkably, this group accounts for almost 60% of the total deaths
from breast cancer. (Siegel., 2014,)
Axillary lymph node metastases are the single most important
prognostic factor for breast cancer survival. (Vinhung et al., 2004)
Presence of axillary lymph node metastases is also of vital importance
for staging offering local disease-control, and postoperative planning.
(Gill et al., 2006)
Axillary lymph node clearance remains the gold standard for
evaluating metastases. (Michie et al., 2014)
There are many predictors of axillary nodal involvement that could lead
to more selective use of axillary dissection. (such as tumor size,
lymphovascular invasion, histologic type, tumor grade, age, body mass
index ,family history , hormone receptor status, and human epidermal
growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)/neu status). (Yip et al., 2009)
This study includes 40 patients presented with operable breast cancer All
Patients undergo modified radical mastectomy or conservative breast
surgery and axillary evacuation. All resected tissues sent to
histopathological examination. All factors mentioned before related to
the primary tumor recorded and relation between these factors and
percentage of positive axillary lymph nodes was done.
In our study age is a protective factor for axillary lymph node metastasis.
Axillary lymph node metastasis decrease in old age ,mean of percentage
of positive axillary lymph nodes is higher in obese patients than in normal
body weight patients , tumors in upper outer quadrant have higher level
of axillary lymph node metastasis followed by tumors at lower outer
quadrant ,tumors larger than 2cm have higher incidence of axillary lymph
node metastasis than tumors less than 2 cm in size ,estrogen and
progesteron receptor negative tumors has more axillary lymph node
metastasis than estrogen and progesterone positive patients but in our
statistical result are not significant , Her 2neu expression is an important
predicator for positivity of axillary lymph nodes lymphovascular invasion
is an important predicator for axillary lymph node metastasis , mean of
positive axillary lymph nodes increase in lobular carcinoma and mixed
lobular and ductal more than in ductal carcinoma
In this study statistical analysis reported that incidence of axillary lymph
node metastasis increase in tumor grade 2 than in tumor grad 3 In this
study positive family history is predicator for positivity of axillary lymph
node but this statistical result is not significant so these factors should be
considered in type of surgery axillary evacuation neoadjuvant
chemotherapy adjuvant treatment .