الفهرس 
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Abstract
Typhoid fever is among the most common febrile illness encountered by physicians in developing countries. The ability of Salmonella to resist and evade the antimicrobial arsenal of phagocytes is a prerequisite for virulence. Macrophages, as professional phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells, are a key link between innate and adaptive immunity and play a critical role in the host immune system. Therefore, during the infection process of Salmonella, it is worth evaluating the fate of the macrophage. Salmonella have been reported to effectively escape being killed by macrophages with a number of. defense mechanisms, such as resistance to lysosomes, prevention of the fusion of lysosomes and phagosomes, and the ability to interfere with active oxygen species. The increased lipid peroxidation as depicted by the high concentration of MDA, may arise from a variety of factors such as enhanced generation of free radicals, reduced level of antioxidants available, enhanced consumption. leakage or destruction of antioxidants, decreased protective capacity including antioxidants enzymes, leakage of electrons from the disrupted mitochondrial electron transport chain and phagocyte recruitment and activation. Widal test in our study positive in 80% of cases with Specificity and sensitivity 83% and 68% respectively and cut of value 1/160. In our study the positive and negative predictive values of widal test are 60% and 87% respectively. We found that children with typhoid fever had significantly higher oxidative stress levels (higher MDA 33.41±10.36nmol/ml and lower TAC median=0.55 Mm/L) (p≤0.001) & higher evidence of apoptosis at diagnosis (Median sFas-L 150 ng/L) (p=0.003) than control group. We also found significant negative correlation between MDA & TAC. TAC has significant negative correlation with temperature and CRP and liver enzymes while MDA has significant positive correlation with CRP. Our results also show significant negative correlation between Sr sFas- L and both TAC and MDA. Moreover we found significant positive correlation between sFASL with temperature and liver enzymes.