الفهرس 
Anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulderOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 152 |  |  |
| | | from | 152 | | |
Abstract
Brachial plexus birth injury refers to paralysis of the upper extremity secondary to traction injury to the brachial plexus during birth. (1)
The brachial plexus is formed by the union of the anterior rami of C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1. The C5 and C6 roots unite to form the upper trunk, the C7 root continues alone to form the middle trunk, and the C8 and T1 roots unite to form the lower trunk. The three trunks proceed and each divides into anterior and posterior divisions. The three posterior divisions unite to form the posterior cord, the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks unite to form the lateral cord, and the anterior division of the lower trunk continues alone to form the medial cord. from these cords emerge the peripheral nerves of the upper limb. (2)
The diagnosis is usually obvious at birth after a difficult delivery, the baby has a floppy or flail arm. Further examination a day or two later will define the type of brachial plexus injury. (3)
The reported incidence of birth palsy varies from 0.42 to 2.5/1.000 births. (4) There are several risk factors for the injury as poor obstetrical technique, disproportion between the size of the child and the maternal pelvis, rigidity of the maternal soft parts, maternal exhaustion, and any cause which will delay labor.