الفهرس 
Acknowledgment
Chemical reviewOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Family Fabaceae is considered as one of the richest families with medicinal plants. It includes about 630 genera and about 18000 species. It includes more important drugs than any other family. C. occidentalis L. is a member of this family, the different parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicine as laxative, analgesic, vermifuge as well as for flue, liver and urinary diseases. Previous phytochemical and biological studies of the genus Cassia L. revealed the isolation and identification of diverse secondary metabolites as well as different biological activities. Thus, it was planned to carry out comprehensive phytochemical and biological investigations of the selected plant. The present study includes: PART I: Phytochemical study of C. occidentalis L. aerial parts. Chapter I: Preliminary phytochemical screening of the air dried powdered aerial p- arts Cassia occidentalis L. Chapter II: Extraction, fractionation and isolation of the main constituents of C. o- ccidentalis L. aerial parts. Chapter III: Identification of the isolated compounds from C. occidentalis L. aerial parts. PART II: Biological study of C. occidentalis L. aerial parts. Chapter I: Antimicrobial activity of different extractives of C. occidentalis L. aerial parts. Chapter II: Study of some pharmacological activities of the different extractives of the aerial parts of C. occidentalis L. 1. Acute toxicity study. 2. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity. 3. Evaluation of antipyretic activity. 4. Evaluation of analgesic activity. 5. Evaluation of hepatoprotective and kidney protective activities. 6. Evaluation of antihyperglycemic activity, lipid profile, and pancreatic study. PART I Phytochemical Study of C. occidentalis L. Aerial Parts. Chapter I Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of the Air Dried Powdered Aerial Parts C. occidentalis L. The dried aerial parts of C. occidentalis L. contain sublimable compounds, carbohydrates and/or glycosides, unsaturated sterols and/or triterpenes, tannins, anthraquinones and flavonoids. Chapter II Extraction, Fractionation and Isolation of the Main Constituents of C. occidentalis L. Aerial Parts The air dried powdered aerial parts of C. occidentalis L. (3 kg) of C. occidentalis L. was extracted by maceration and percolation with (70%) methanol till complete exhaustion (four times each, 10 L). The combined methanolic extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure till constant weight to give a dark brown syrupy residue (350 gm). The methanolic extract (350 gm) was digested in the least amount of distilled water subjected to successive solvent fractionation using a separating funnel with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Each extractive was concentrated separately under reduced pressure to give 62, 35, 43, 50 and the remaining aqueous dried to 145 gm. The lipoidal content of n-hexane fraction was investigated. The obtained different extractives were subjected to different chromatographic techniques for separation of their constituents, where 34 compounds were isolated and purified. and purified. Chapter III Identification of the Isolated Compounds from C. occidentalis L. Aerial Parts. Structure elucidation was deduced on the basis of spectroscopic methods: (UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, 13C-NMR, DEPT 13C-NMR, HSQC, HMBC, EI-MS) in addition to comparison of the physical, chemical and chromatographic characters of these compounds with the available authentic samples PART II Biological study of C. occidentalis L. Aerial Parts Chapter I Antimicrobial Activity of Different Extractives of C. occidentalis L. Aerial Parts. The different extractives of the studied plant were tested against gram-positive, gram-negative bacterial strains and candida albicans as fungal strain. The different extractives exhibited a remarkable antimicrobial activity. Chapter II Study of Some Pharmacological Activities of the Different Extractives of the Aerial Parts of C. occidentalis L. 1- Acute toxicity study: The total methanolic and different extractives didn’t show any signs of toxicity and mortality up to 4 gm/kg. 2- Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity: It was observed that all the tested extractives showed anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema model, when the animals were pretreated with the different extractives of the aerial parts of C. occidentalis L. where the different extractives exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of the induced edema in comparison with indomethacin as a reference drug. The observed activity could be attributed to the presence of sterols, flavonoids and their glycosides, anthraquinones and phenolic acid. 3- Evaluation of antipyretic activity: It was observed that the tested extractives showed antipyretic activity in yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. The different extractives exhibited significant antipyretic activity in comparison with acetylsalicylic acid as a reference drug. 4- Evaluation of analgesic activity: It was observed that the tested extractives showed analgesic activity in hot plate test of the pain response in rats in comparison with diclophenac sodium as a reference drug. 5- Evaluation of hepatoprotective and kidney protective activities: The different extractives showed improvement in liver function parameters (ALT and AST) and total bilirubin after liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in comparison with silymarin as a reference drug. While the histopathological study showed improvement in liver tissues and structure after treatment with the different extractives in comparison to silymarin, which supported the biochemical analysis of liver function parameters. Study of kidney function tests (serum urea and creatinine) indicated that C. occidentalis L. extractives didn’t induce any damage to the kidney. 6- Antihyperglycemic activity, lipid profile and pancreatic study of the different extractives of the aerial parts of C. occidentalis L.: A significant antihyperglycemic action was observed upon treatment of the induced diabetic mices with the different extractives in comparison with glibenclamide as a reference drug. Also, they showed significant decrease of total cholesterol level and LDL, while HDL and triglycerides remained unchanged. Histopathological study of the pancreatic tissues revealed improvement in cellular population and size of islets of Langerhans. Conclusion and Recommendation: In this study several compounds have been isolated such as sterols and/or triterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthraquinones, neolignan and silybin A from the aerial parts of C. occidentalis L. cultivated in (Assiut region) Egypt. The present study revealed that the methanolic and ethylacetate extracts of C. occidentalis L. exhibited chemo preventive effect against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in rats and antihyperglycemic activity with significant decrease in total cholesterol and LDL level with considerable protection of cellular characters and size of islets of Langerhans. The isolated phytochemicals proved to be responsible for the different evaluated biological activities, which revealed that this plant is reservoir of potentially useful compounds, which can provide strong evidence for the use of this plant in different medications. Future comprehensive clinical studies should be carried out.