الفهرس 
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Abstract
The standard properties of the mfERG topography in each retinal area as obtained in these results from 20 normal subjects would be important as basic data to evaluate measurements in eyes with pathology.
mfERG can play an important role in clinical practice in evaluating many diseases as Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, macular hole, retinal vascular occlusions.
The advantages of the multifocal ERG are summarized as follows: (1 mfERG therefore allows topographic mapping of retinal function in the central 40–50° of the retina,(2) The strength of mfERG lies in its ability to provide objective assessment of the central retinal function at different retinal areas within a short duration of time, (3) can be used to differentiate among outer retinal diseases, and (4) to follow the progression of retinal diseases .
The disadvantages are summarized as follows: (1) it needs patient cooperation, (2) it uses a microelectropotential that is easily affected by ocular movement and eyelid movement, (3) limited to subjects who can wear contact lenses , (4) limited to eyes that can be dilated, (4) the origin of the waves still not well understood, and (6) the reliability decreases in the peripheral region Because of factors related to the stimulation apparatus (reflection, the frame of the glasses, and so on).
the spatial property of multifocal ERG agrees well with the spatial distribution of the human retinal cones. In clinical application for retinal diseases, the response corresponding to the damaged retinal area was diminished.
When normative data are used, each laboratory must develop its own database. laboratories should report median values rather than means and determine boundaries of normality, because electrophysiological data are not necessarily described by a normal distribution, as recommended by (ISCEV) .
Conclusion
Multi-focal ERG would be useful for objective examination of the retinal function. In the future, clinical application of multifocal ERG for various retinal disorders is expected to more understood and reveal from which layer of the retinal structure the response is derived.
Through the analysis of mfERG response amplitudes and implicit times at different retinal locations, localized areas of retinal dysfunction caused by acquired or hereditary diseases can be identified. Application of mfERG is particularly useful in patients with pathology limited to the localized area in the retina as the full-field ERG in these patients are usually normal.
The use of mfERG has also enabled clinicians to monitor the development of toxic retinopathy due to systemic therapy and to objectively monitor the efficacy of surgical and nonsurgical treatment for retinal diseases, as the changes in retinal function might not be reflected by subjective measures. Future developments of the mfERG techniques will likely broaden the use of mfERG in the clinical setting.
Further study is recommended to the relation and properties of mfERG in different retinal areas in diseased eyes that will help in diagnosis of early pathology in the retinal disease.