الفهرس 
Anatomy of the pancreasOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Minimally invasive surgery has proved to be safe and effective and has largely replaced open surgery in a wide range of procedures. Despite this trend, laparoscopic pancreatic surgery has been slow to gain acceptance. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP),
The first laparoscopic exploration of the pancreas was described by BM Bernheim from John Hopkins University in 1911, whereas Soper et al. performed the first porcine LDP in 1994. Soon after, in 1996, Gagner et al. reported on his series of spleen-preserving LDP with promising results initially described by Gagner et al. has been shown to have equivalent morbidity to open surgery, but a shorter hospital stay and less postoperative pain.
One challenge in approaching lesions of the distal pancreas is the difficulty in localizing the lesion. This is challenging for both open and laparoscopic techniques, but more so with the laparoscopic approach. The texture and appearance of tumors can be homogenous with the rest of the pancreas.
Regional pancreatectomy includes enucleation, inferior head resection , spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy , central pancreatectomy , combined inferior head plus distal pancreatectomy (spleen-preserving) , dorsal pancreatectomy (spleen-preserving) , and duodenum- preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR).Combined inferior head plus distal pancreatectomy and dorsal pancreatectomy are rather major operation, however, these are much less invasive compared with their corresponding alternative, total pancreatectomy. Inferior head resection is a less invasive alternative of pancreatoduodenectomy.