الفهرس 
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Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most abundant class of biomasses, which have been used in the transformation to various classes of organic compounds. They play important roles also in diverse biological processes [02CRV579, 06MI855, 07NAT1030, 03JMC2551, 93MI97, 96CRV683, 01Sci2357, 02MI165, 012BJOC579, 09MI]*. However, current knowledge about the key roles of carbohydrates is still limited compared to the knowledge of the function of proteins and nucleic acid [07NAT1046]. Therefore, there are stimulating great efforts in the field of glycobiology for the synthesis of biologically important glycoconjugate and oligosaccharides targeting specific purposes. Accordingly, the requirements for carbohydrate modifications have been greatly increased to obtain structurally defined advanced functional carbohydrate derivatives, often means modification of sugar molecules. Their derivatization by introducing functional groups or new molecules for target application may improve their physical and chemical properties. Amino sugars, acidic sugars, deoxy sugars, sugar alcohols, glycosylamines and sugar phosphates are examples of modified carbohydrate molecules. All these aspects attracted the attention towards the chemical modification of carbohydrates, which is the main objective in this thesis.