الفهرس 
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Abstract
This chapter is focused on the definition of nanomaterials, classification of
nanomaterials, applications of nanomaterials, synthesis and preparation method of
nanomaterials, and characterization methods of nanomaterials. This chapter presents
also definition of radiation, classification of radiation, properties of gamma rays,
mechanism of attenuation, attenuation coefficients (linear and mass attenuation
coefficients), types of detectors, and shielding of gamma rays. A review of attenuation
by mixed oxides and aim of the work are also included in this chapter.
Chapter Two: Experimental
This chapter presents the experimental part of this thesis. The chemicals,
materials, solutions, and their resources are presented. The used instrumentations and
techniques are also described and these include the X-ray diffraction (XRD),
transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM),
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and
thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The procedure for synthesis aluminium oxide
(Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are
explained in this chapter. Preparation of oxide NPs disks and instrumentations of
radioactivity especially NaI (Tl) detector are explained in details in this chapter.
This chapter is divided into two main parts. The first part describes the
characterization methods of Al2O3 NPs, MgO NPs, and SiO2 NPs. The XRD of Al2O3
NPs, MgO NPs, and SiO2 NPs were measured and the XRD patterns of these oxides
NPs were measured with respect to the identified 2θ- angle. TEM and SEM were used
to show the surface morphology and size of particles for Al2O3 NPs, MgO NPs, and
SiO2 NPs. The particles size of Al2O3-m and Al2O3-v NPs were in the range 40-75 nm
and 3-30 nm, respectively. The particle size of MgO-f and MgO-v NPs were in the
range 75-125 nm and 8-13 nm, respectively and the particle size of SiO2 NPs were in
the range 3-30 nm. The morphology of Al2O3-m and Al2O3 NPs are cubic and spherical Chapter Three: Results and Discussion.