الفهرس 
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Abstract
This research aims to evaluate more common storage methods on two of the most important food grains (wheat, corn) to small farmers and determine which of these methods is safer in terms of maintaining the quality of grain. This research of more used storage methods and was depending on field studies have been conducted in the village of El- Kom El-Akhdar-Shebin El- Kom-Menoufia governorate and the laboratory studies are at the Department of Economic Entomology and Agriculture Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University.
The main grain which considered the most important cereal grains in Egypt and in all over the world were used in these experiments. These grains were Wheat (Triticum aestivum) variety Sakha 93 and Maize (Zea mays) Variety High Tech 2031 all these grain dried very good with solar heat for three days and covered all the night and at morning till the sun rises
Wheat and maize grain Stored at five tools (Metal container, Pottery container, Polyethylene bags, Jute bags, Plastic fiber bags). Grain samples (100g) of each store model of stored grains were examined by eye and with the
aid of handle lens (6 x) to calculate the average number of weevil insects per 100 g.
The most known species of stored grain insects were investigated in this research are: the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the grain weevils, Sitophilus granarius (L.), (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and the Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).
First: Effect of planting and harvesting date on the qualities of grain stored in various storage modes
1. Insect infestation
1.1. Wheat: Statistical analysis of the obtained results indicated that there were significant differences in the annual weevil numbers among the planting times, the best planting time for wheat grains is 13 November because it has the lowest infestation numbers of weevil insects recording 740 weevil / 100 g wheat grains, while the highest weevil numbers was recorded with the planting time 10 November giving 15796 weevil / 100 g wheat grains. Regarding to the storing tools of wheat grains, results indicated that there were significant differences in the annual weevil numbers between plastic fiber bags and all other tools recording the lowest numbers of grain weevils as 2913 individual / 100 g. The highest annual numbers of grain weevils recorded in pottery container and polyethylene bags (3793- 6856 weevil / 100 g) respectively. Statistical analysis of the obtained results indicated that there were significant differences in the annual red flour beetle numbers among the storing tools plastic fiber bags and all other tools recording no red flour beetle insects. The numbers of red flour beetle recorded in the other tools are (10-80 red flour beetle / 100 g) respectively.
1. 2. Corn: The best planting time for maize grain is 22 May because it has the lowest infestation numbers of weevil insects recording 220 weevil / 100 g maize grains, while the highest weevil numbers was recorded with the planting time 15 May giving 1480 weevil / 100 g wheat grains. Maize grains results indicated that there were significant differences in the annual weevil numbers between jute bags and all other tools recording the lowest numbers of grain weevils 211 individual / 100 g. But there were red flour beetle insects among grain in jute bags method recorded 50 flour beetle/100g. The highest annual numbers of grain weevils recorded 1210 weevil / 100 g in plastic fiber bags. As for maize grains results indicated that there were significant differences in the annual grain moth numbers between metal container and all other tools recording the lowest numbers of grain moths 43 individual / 100 g and the other tools recorded 94-551 grain moths/100g.
2. The moisture content of grain
2.1. Wheat: Pottery container and metal container keep the moisture content of the wheat seeds but rose significantly in jute bags and sacks and plastic bags.
2. 2. Corn: Pottery container and metal container keep the moisture content of corn seeds but decreases significantly in jute bags and sacks and plastic bags.
Second: The effect of transportation means on grains loss
1. Transportation means:
By sea (ships), by road (cars) and railways.
2. Sources of grains loss during transportation:
(Infusion, weather, pests, insects and rodents)
3. The best transportation mean and the most significant precautions:
3.1. Containers transportation (by sea or road)
Landing the container from the ship to the transportable unit directly and the loading is done automatically by using lifters, tractors and electric mats
3.2. Transportation with closed containers (cars or railways )
Never use hocks in loading and landing (plastic fiber containers).
3.3. Transportation without wagon containers, as well as never use open wagons or incompletely locked, and never leaves grains on railway’s station waiting for wagons.
Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (1974)
This proposal point of the research about the effect of transportation tools on the loss in grains during these processes was not investigated due to some financial and routine difficulties.
Third: The third year of experiments:
In this research the best results of obtained in previous experiments applied to propose integrated pest management program to maintain maize and wheat cereal pests. The experiment held in a private farm in the village of El-Kom El-Akhdar - Shebin El- Kom – Menoufia to study the effect of storage on wheat and corn planted in the best date for cultivation and harvested at the time best suited for harvesting and has been storage in perfect conditions, we dried grain in the sun for a week and covered it at night and estimate the relative humidity ratio before storing. Grain stored in three of the most successful methods of storing in the previous experiments and they were (Pottery container – Metal container – Jute bags)
1. Wheat: Wheat planted in the Nov. 20, 2014 then harvested in the May 10, 2015, and stored for a whole year in twelve replicates so that the sample is
open for examination to observe the insect infestation and ratio of the relative humidity inside the grain. The storage results were negative thus means that there were no insect infestation throughout the months of storage. Also it noted a slight increase in the level of relative humidity of grains stored until the month of Feb. and beginning of Mar. there was a light decrease in the level of relative humidity of stored grains.
2. Corn: Corn planted in the May 20, 2015 then harvested in the September 10, 2015 and stored for a whole year too in twelve replicates so that the sample opened storage for examination for the first time. The storage results were negative thus means that there were no insect infestation throughout the months of storage. Also it noted a slight increase in the level of relative humidity of grains stored until the month of February and beginning of Mar. there was a light decrease in the level of relative humidity of stored grains then it stopped changing in Sept. and Oct.