الفهرس 
Aim of the work
Diabetes mellitusOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes is the most prevalent diseases in the world where the
impact on mortality and national income of individuals and
communities rate. Diabetes, hyperglycemia, occurs due to lack of
insulin secretion from the β cells in the pancreas (type 1) or the
insulin does not work as a result of imbalance in the ability of insulin
receptors on the cells (type 2) or both reasons. Diabetes causes
dysfunction in the immune system and the rate of secretion of
cytokines which increases the rate of apoptosis and fibrosis.
Experimentally type 1 diabetes can be induced by injecting animals
with STZ that destroy β cells, leading to hperglycemia and hpoinsulinemia.
The present study, experimental model of diabetes, was done
to find out the effects of disease on the immune organs, in addition to
find out treatment can reduces these effects. Therefore, this study was
conducted in order to evaluate the effect of diabetes induced by STZ
on the immune and others organs and the role of camel milk WP in
the treatment of these negative influences.
In this study, 45 male albino mice were purchased from Theodore
Bilharz Institute in Cairo were divided into three groups, 15 mice
each. The first was used as control and the other two groups were
injected interperitoneally with STZ (60 mg/kg) once a week for three
weeks. During the dosing blood samples were taken to assess the
level of glucose, mice which had blood glucose 220 mg/dl or more
was considered diabetic. After making sure the mice becomes
diabetic, one group left as diabetic control, and the other was treated
with CWP (100 mg/kg) for four consecutive weeks. CWP was extracted in the Dairy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut
University from camel milk were purchased from Marsa Matrouh
Governorate. After the expiration of the treatment, all mice were
anesthetized with ether and killed for collection of blood samples and
organs (liver, kidney, spleen, testis, thymus, BM) for biochemical
analysis and histological observation.
The study concluded the following results:
1. Injected mice with STZ showed hyperglycemia, hpo-insulinemia
and increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL1β
and TNF-α), while post-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, and IL-4)
showed decrease in comparison with the control group.
2. Diabetic mice showed an increase in the leukocytes and differential
leukocytes count, and a decrease in the erythrocytes count and MCH,
MCHC MCV, and MPV parameters.
3. Also, diabetic mice showed alterations in oxidative stress makers
in different or organs as follows:
Increase in the LPO in the blood and tissues of the liver,
kidney and testes.
Decrease in NO in the blood and liver tissue only.
Increase in carbonyl protein in liver, kidney and testes.
Non-significant change in the GSH level of in the liver,
kidney and testes.
Non-significant change in the activity of SOD in the tissues of
the liver, kidney and testes.
4. Western blot analysis significant increase in the expression of
ATF-3, a decrease in phosphorylation of AKT and IκB-α with an
increase in apoptosis of lymphocytes and increased in the expression of Bax in BM, thymus and spleen and decreased in Bcl-XL in BM,
thymus and spleen.
5. Microscopic examination by light microscope revealed
pathological changes as follows:
Shortage in the constituent cells of the blood cells in the BM.
Increase collagen fibers in capsule of thymus, necrosis of the
cells, and the decomposition of vascular tissue in the epithelial
lining of the gland. Immunohistochemical analysis also
showed an increase in T cells in the marrow and cortex of
gland.
Thickening in the capsule of the spleen due to the increase of
collagen fibers and increase in the number of phagocytic cells
to macrophages with a shortage of lymphocytes.
Immunohistochemical analysis also showed an increase in T
cells and a decrease in B cells.
Presence of congestion, hemorrhage, vacuoles, necrosis and
Pyknotic nuclei, and cellular infiltration in the liver
The presence of necrosis of beta cells Islands of Langerhans
with increased collagen fiber around the blood vessels in the
pancreas.
The presence of congestion, hemorrhage and focal cell
morphology and Pyknotic nuclei, with a widening of
Malpighian corpuscles in the kidney.
Appearance of incomplete spermatogenesis with giant cells in
the testis.
6. Treatment of diabetic mice with CWP results in improvement in all
the biochemical changes in the blood and tissues of the liver, kidney,
testes, leading to an improvement in histological tissue to the liver,
kidney, testes, pancreas, spleen installation and bone marrow. In addition, restored the expression of ATF-3 and phosphorylation of
AKT, IκB-α, and the expression of Bax and Bcl-XL in BM, thymus
and spleen. Resulting in a lack of programmed cell death in
lymphocytes with improved oxidative stress and inflammatory
cytokines.
7- In conclusion our obtained results find the ability of CWP to
reduce the inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune dysfunction
due to metabolism of STZ and hyperglycemia as diabetic
complications.