الفهرس 
List of abbreviation
Anatomy of the coronary arteriesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is one of the pathological mechanisms involved in coronary artery disease and affects its clinical presentation and prognosis Risk factors for endothelial dysfunction in those patients include hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, hyperhomo-cysteinemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, aging,infection and vitamin D deficiency.Pharmacologic treatment of specific risk factors and lifestyle modifications, such as smoking cessation, weight loss, diet change, and exercise, are all reportedly effective to prevent atherosclerotic diseases. Furthermore, pharmacological interventions in atherosclerotic diseases have advanced dramatically over the decades. However, clinical management of atherosclerosis is still quite difficult as there is no recognized method to prevent or improve the entire vascular bed.The beneficial effect of statins on endothelial function are attributed partly to their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, in addition to lowering cholesterol levels. The 1st and 2nd generation β-blockers have no significant benefit on endothelial function. However, different efficacy has been suggested for the 3rd generation β-blockers, such as nebivolol and carvedilol. Both two drugs have been reported to improve endothelial function, which is mediated by β3 receptor activation by nebivolol and anti-oxidant effect by carvedilol.