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Abstract There are a tremendous effort in establishing the therapeutic properties of various foods. Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables is strongly associated with reduced risk of developing chronic diseases. All parts of Hibiscus sabdariffa are used for medicinal purposes, especially in alternative medicine. It is a folk remedy for abscesses, cancer, cough, debility, dyspepsia, dysuria, fever, hangover, diuretic, mild laxative, heart ailments, neurosis, scurvy and strangury. Recent scientific work has established the protective effect of the dried flower extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa, as anti-inflammatory activity, anti-hypertensive effect of the dried calyx extract and anti-mutagenic effect. Hibiscus sabdariffa has been reported to have antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cholagogue, demulcent, digestive, diuretic, emollient, purgative, refrigerant, sedative, stomachic and tonic activities. It is used in the treatment of hypertension, hypocholesterolemic, anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective effects in animals. Tamarindus indica is also extensively used in Nigerian traditional medicine especially in the north-western region. It has been reported to be among the recipe in the treatment of cold, fevers, stomach disorders, diarrhoea, jaundice and as skin cleanser. It is applied on inflammations, used to gargle sour throat, mixed with salt as a liniment for rheumatism, relieve pains, reduce secondary bacterial infection and promote healing. This study aims to Evaluate the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of roselle, tamarind and their mixture on potassium bromate induced nephrotoxicity in rats. A total number of 40 mal albino rats weighted 140 ± 10g were used. All rats were fed on basal diet for 7 consecutive days to make adjustment, then rats were devided into 8 groups each of 5 rats as following: group (1): control negative group, in which the normal untreated rats fed on basal diet for four weeks. Group(2): control positive group, in which rats treated with potassium bromate 20 mg/kg body weight orally intragastric twice a week for four weeks. Group(3): rats treated with potassium bromate 20 mg/kg body weight orally intragastric twice a week for four weeks and aqueous extract of Roselle (40 mg/kg body weight). Group(4): rats treated with potassium bromate 20 mg/kg body weight orally intragastric twice a week for four weeks and alcoholic extract of Roselle (40 mg/kg body weight). Group(5): rats treated with potassium bromate 20 mg/kg body weight orally intragastric twice a week for four weeks and aqueous extract of Tamarind (40 mg/kg body weight). Group(6): rats treated with potassium bromate 20 mg/kg body weight orally intragastric twice a week for four weeks and alcoholic extract of Tamarind (40 mg/kg body weight). Group(7): rats treated with potassium bromate 20 mg/kg body weight orally intragastric twice a week for four weeks and aqueous extract of its mixture of both Roselle and Tamarind (40 mg/kg body weight). Group(8): rats treated with potassium bromate 20 mg/kg body weight orally intragastric twice a week for four weeks and alcoholic extract of its mixture of both Roselle and Tamarind (40 mg/kg body weight). After the end of experimental period (4 weeks), rats weight was be done, urine and blood samples was collected for biochemical analysis and kidney, liver and heart organs was removed, washed by saline solution, dried by filter paper and weighted Biological assessment: - Body weight gain (BWG%) - Food Intake (FI) - Food efficiency ratio (FER) Biochemical assessment includes the following tests: - Tests of kidney function by estimating urea, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, albumin and globulin in serum and estimate the volume of urine, urine Protein and the proportion both of creatinine and uric acid clearance - Tests of Liver function by estimating the activity of enzymes AST, ALT, ALP also estimate total protein and the proportion of albumin and globulin in serum. - Estimate the level of blood fats and assessing triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and lipoprotein high density (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDLc) and a very low lipoprotein density (VLDLc), and calculate the Atherogenic index. The data were statistically analyzed using a computarized Costat program by one way ANOVA. The results are presented as mean ± SD. Differences between treatments at p ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. The results showed the following: 1. The effect on body weight gain (BWG) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) The results showed a significant decrease in weight gain rate and feed efficiency for rats, which treated with potassium bromate compared to the negative control rate. On the other hand it was observed that both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of mixture showed nonsignificant decrease in body weight gain (BWG%) and feed efficiency ratio (FER). Feed intake (FI) did not show significant change in all treatments compared to control negative group. 2. The effect on organs weight It was observed that all the differences is not significant in relation to the weight of the liver and the heart of all groups compared to normal group. Relative kidney weight showed nonsignificant increase in potassium bromate. All treatments showed improvement in kidney weight, which significant reduce for both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of roselle, tamarind aqueous extract and mixture aqueous extract tamarind and their mixture and nonsignificant decrease in tamarind alcholic extract and mixture alcholic extract. It is worthing observed that there was no significant difference between aqueous and alcoholic extracts in each type of tested plants and their mixture, which refer to the good effect of aqueous extracts. 3. The effect kidney function (A) The effect on the level of serum urea, creatinine and uric acid: The results showed significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid for nephrotoxicity rats. Receiving different extracts reduced serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid to a nonsignificant levels for both aqueous extract and alcholic extract of roselle, showing significant decrease in both aqueous extract and alcholic extract of mixture and tamarind compared to control positive group. It is worthing observed that there were nonsignificant differences between both aqueous extract and alcholic extract of mixture, tamarind alcholic extract and normal group. There were non significant change between both aqueous and alcholic extracts in roselle and the mixture, which showed that all bioactive compounds responsible for improving kidney function soluble in water. B) The effect on the level of serum total protein, albumin and globulin: Results showed that rats treated with potassium bromate had a significant decreases in serum total protein and albumin as compared with control positive group. Meanwhile, it was observrd that nonsignificant rise in globulin level for all treatments compared to control positive. Treatment with all extracts showed rise in serum total protein and albumin, which no significant difference compared to normal group, but the best treatment recorded at both aqueous and alcoholic mixture of roselle and tamarind and mixture alcholic extract. It is worthing observed that there was no significant difference between aqueous and alcoholic extracts in each type of tested plants and their mixture, which refer to the good effect of aqueous extracts. (C) The effect on urine volume, urine protein, creatinine clearance and uric acid clearance: The results noticed a significant elevating in urine volume and urine protein addition to a significant decrease in creatinine clearance and uric Acid for control positive group. Treating nephrotoxicity rats with both alcoholic and aqueous extracts of tamarind and roselle aqueous extract and mixture aqueous extract resulted in insignificant decreases of urine volume, showing nonsignificant increases for alcholic extract of roselle and mixture as compared to control positive group. Treatment with all extracts caused significant decrease in urine protein than positive control group. Receiving different extracts increased creatinine clearance and uric acid clearance to a significant levels which recorded for both alcoholic and aqueous extracts of mixture and tamarind regularly, in addition to insignificant levels for both alcoholic and aqueous extracts of roselle. The favorable effect in creatinine clearance level recorded for tamarind alcholic extract which did not different significantly than normal group. It is worthing observed that there is no significant difference between both aqueous and alcholic extracts in roselle, tamarind and their mixture. 4. The effect on the blood fat and Atherogenic index The results showed the bad image of fat in the rats, which treated with potassium bromate. a significant increase in triglyceride levels (TG), Malondialdehyde (MDA), total cholesterol (TC), the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDLc) and a very low lipoprotein density (VLDLc) in addition to a significant decrease in the level of high-density lipoprotein (LDLc) so, a significant increase in (TC / HDLc) Atherogenic index. On the other side, it was observed that both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of roselle, tamarind and their mixture showed significant improvement in all of these indicators, where there are no significant difference in (TC / HDLc) Atherogenic index, triglyceride (TG) and a very low lipoprotein density (VLDLc) between each of these treatments and natural rats. According to the results obtained from this study, it is conclude that the aqueous and alcoholic extracts have good effect in a lipid lowering activity. 5. The effect on liver function The results showed a very significant increase in the level of liver enzymes ALP, ALT, AST serum in positive control group. All treatments showed a decrease in the three enzymes, which traetments both aqueous extract and alcoholic of roselle led to non significant decrease in the level of enzymes, while the alcoholic extract of both tamarind and mixture showed a significant decrease in the level of enzyme ALP, ALT, and AST, which approached to the normal group. While the best treatment in the level of enzyme AST recorded at both the aqueous and alcoholic extract of mixture and alcoholic extract of tamarind. Recommendations: 1. This study recommended to use of roselle and tamarind as a good healthy drinks, which can prevent and improve can prevent and improve nephrotoxicity status, liver diseases and hyperlipidemia. 2. Mixture of roselle and tamarind serve as a good cholice for health effects on kidney and liver function and lipid profile. 3. More studies were needed to detect the perfect and safe dose of roselle, tamarind and their mixture to use in human. 4. Focusing on more histopathological researches to determine the effects of roselle, tamarind and their mixture |