الفهرس 
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Abstract
There are a tremendous effort in establishing the therapeutic properties
of various foods. Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables is strongly
associated with reduced risk of developing chronic diseases.
All parts of Hibiscus sabdariffa are used for medicinal purposes,
especially in alternative medicine. It is a folk remedy for abscesses, cancer,
cough, debility, dyspepsia, dysuria, fever, hangover, diuretic, mild laxative,
heart ailments, neurosis, scurvy and strangury. Recent scientific work has
established the protective effect of the dried flower extract of Hibiscus
sabdariffa, as anti-inflammatory activity, anti-hypertensive effect of the
dried calyx extract and anti-mutagenic effect. Hibiscus sabdariffa has been
reported to have antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cholagogue, demulcent,
digestive, diuretic, emollient, purgative, refrigerant, sedative, stomachic
and tonic activities. It is used in the treatment of hypertension,
hypocholesterolemic, anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective effects in
animals.
Tamarindus indica is also extensively used in Nigerian traditional
medicine especially in the north-western region. It has been reported to be
among the recipe in the treatment of cold, fevers, stomach disorders,
diarrhoea, jaundice and as skin cleanser. It is applied on inflammations,
used to gargle sour throat, mixed with salt as a liniment for rheumatism,
relieve pains, reduce secondary bacterial infection and promote healing.
This study aims to Evaluate the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts
of roselle, tamarind and their mixture on potassium bromate induced
nephrotoxicity in rats.
A total number of 40 mal albino rats weighted 140 ± 10g were used.
All rats were fed on basal diet for 7 consecutive days to make adjustment,
then rats were devided into 8 groups each of 5 rats as following: group (1): control negative group, in which the normal untreated rats fed
on basal diet for four weeks.
Group(2): control positive group, in which rats treated with potassium
bromate 20 mg/kg body weight orally intragastric twice a week for four
weeks.
Group(3): rats treated with potassium bromate 20 mg/kg body weight
orally intragastric twice a week for four weeks and aqueous extract of
Roselle (40 mg/kg body weight).
Group(4): rats treated with potassium bromate 20 mg/kg body weight
orally intragastric twice a week for four weeks and alcoholic extract of
Roselle (40 mg/kg body weight).
Group(5): rats treated with potassium bromate 20 mg/kg body weight
orally intragastric twice a week for four weeks and aqueous extract of
Tamarind (40 mg/kg body weight).
Group(6): rats treated with potassium bromate 20 mg/kg body weight
orally intragastric twice a week for four weeks and alcoholic extract of
Tamarind (40 mg/kg body weight).
Group(7): rats treated with potassium bromate 20 mg/kg body weight
orally intragastric twice a week for four weeks and aqueous extract of its
mixture of both Roselle and Tamarind (40 mg/kg body weight).
Group(8): rats treated with potassium bromate 20 mg/kg body weight
orally intragastric twice a week for four weeks and alcoholic extract of its
mixture of both Roselle and Tamarind (40 mg/kg body weight).
After the end of experimental period (4 weeks), rats weight was be
done, urine and blood samples was collected for biochemical analysis and
kidney, liver and heart organs was removed, washed by saline solution,
dried by filter paper and weighted Biological assessment:
- Body weight gain (BWG%)
- Food Intake (FI)
- Food efficiency ratio (FER)
Biochemical assessment includes the following tests:
- Tests of kidney function by estimating urea, creatinine, uric acid, total
protein, albumin and globulin in serum and estimate the volume of urine,
urine Protein and the proportion both of creatinine and uric acid clearance
- Tests of Liver function by estimating the activity of enzymes AST, ALT,
ALP also estimate total protein and the proportion of albumin and globulin
in serum.
- Estimate the level of blood fats and assessing triglyceride (TG), total
cholesterol (TC) and lipoprotein high density (HDL), low-density
lipoprotein (LDLc) and a very low lipoprotein density (VLDLc), and
calculate the Atherogenic index.
The data were statistically analyzed using a computarized Costat
program by one way ANOVA. The results are presented as mean ± SD.
Differences between treatments at p ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.
The results showed the following:
1. The effect on body weight gain (BWG) and feed efficiency ratio
(FER)
The results showed a significant decrease in weight gain rate and feed
efficiency for rats, which treated with potassium bromate compared to the
negative control rate. On the other hand it was observed that both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of mixture showed nonsignificant decrease in body
weight gain (BWG%) and feed efficiency ratio (FER). Feed intake (FI) did
not show significant change in all treatments compared to control negative
group.
2. The effect on organs weight
It was observed that all the differences is not significant in relation to
the weight of the liver and the heart of all groups compared to normal
group. Relative kidney weight showed nonsignificant increase in potassium
bromate. All treatments showed improvement in kidney weight, which
significant reduce for both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of roselle,
tamarind aqueous extract and mixture aqueous extract tamarind and their
mixture and nonsignificant decrease in tamarind alcholic extract and
mixture alcholic extract. It is worthing observed that there was no
significant difference between aqueous and alcoholic extracts in each type
of tested plants and their mixture, which refer to the good effect of aqueous
extracts.
3. The effect kidney function
(A) The effect on the level of serum urea, creatinine and uric acid:
The results showed significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, and
uric acid for nephrotoxicity rats. Receiving different extracts reduced serum
urea, creatinine, and uric acid to a nonsignificant levels for both aqueous
extract and alcholic extract of roselle, showing significant decrease in both
aqueous extract and alcholic extract of mixture and tamarind compared to
control positive group. It is worthing observed that there were
nonsignificant differences between both aqueous extract and alcholic
extract of mixture, tamarind alcholic extract and normal group. There were
non significant change between both aqueous and alcholic extracts in
roselle and the mixture, which showed that all bioactive compounds
responsible for improving kidney function soluble in water.
B) The effect on the level of serum total protein, albumin and
globulin:
Results showed that rats treated with potassium bromate had a
significant decreases in serum total protein and albumin as compared with
control positive group. Meanwhile, it was observrd that nonsignificant rise
in globulin level for all treatments compared to control positive. Treatment
with all extracts showed rise in serum total protein and albumin, which no
significant difference compared to normal group, but the best treatment
recorded at both aqueous and alcoholic mixture of roselle and tamarind and
mixture alcholic extract. It is worthing observed that there was no
significant difference between aqueous and alcoholic extracts in each type
of tested plants and their mixture, which refer to the good effect of aqueous
extracts.
(C) The effect on urine volume, urine protein, creatinine clearance and
uric acid clearance:
The results noticed a significant elevating in urine volume and urine
protein addition to a significant decrease in creatinine clearance and uric
Acid for control positive group. Treating nephrotoxicity rats with both
alcoholic and aqueous extracts of tamarind and roselle aqueous extract and
mixture aqueous extract resulted in insignificant decreases of urine volume,
showing nonsignificant increases for alcholic extract of roselle and mixture
as compared to control positive group. Treatment with all extracts caused
significant decrease in urine protein than positive control group. Receiving
different extracts increased creatinine clearance and uric acid clearance to a
significant levels which recorded for both alcoholic and aqueous extracts
of mixture and tamarind regularly, in addition to insignificant levels for
both alcoholic and aqueous extracts of roselle. The favorable effect in
creatinine clearance level recorded for tamarind alcholic extract which did
not different significantly than normal group. It is worthing observed that there is no significant difference between both aqueous and alcholic
extracts in roselle, tamarind and their mixture.
4. The effect on the blood fat and Atherogenic index
The results showed the bad image of fat in the rats, which treated with
potassium bromate. a significant increase in triglyceride levels (TG),
Malondialdehyde (MDA), total cholesterol (TC), the levels of low-density
lipoprotein (LDLc) and a very low lipoprotein density (VLDLc) in addition
to a significant decrease in the level of high-density lipoprotein (LDLc) so,
a significant increase in (TC / HDLc) Atherogenic index. On the other side,
it was observed that both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of roselle,
tamarind and their mixture showed significant improvement in all of these
indicators, where there are no significant difference in (TC / HDLc)
Atherogenic index, triglyceride (TG) and a very low lipoprotein density
(VLDLc) between each of these treatments and natural rats. According to
the results obtained from this study, it is conclude that the aqueous and
alcoholic extracts have good effect in a lipid lowering activity.
5. The effect on liver function
The results showed a very significant increase in the level of liver
enzymes ALP, ALT, AST serum in positive control group. All treatments
showed a decrease in the three enzymes, which traetments both aqueous
extract and alcoholic of roselle led to non significant decrease in the level
of enzymes, while the alcoholic extract of both tamarind and mixture
showed a significant decrease in the level of enzyme ALP, ALT, and AST,
which approached to the normal group. While the best treatment in the
level of enzyme AST recorded at both the aqueous and alcoholic extract of
mixture and alcoholic extract of tamarind.
Recommendations:
1. This study recommended to use of roselle and tamarind as a good
healthy drinks, which can prevent and improve can prevent and
improve nephrotoxicity status, liver diseases and hyperlipidemia.
2. Mixture of roselle and tamarind serve as a good cholice for health
effects on kidney and liver function and lipid profile.
3. More studies were needed to detect the perfect and safe dose of
roselle, tamarind and their mixture to use in human.
4. Focusing on more histopathological researches to determine the
effects of roselle, tamarind and their mixture