الفهرس 
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Abstract
Piles located in soft clay soil are subjected to downdrag force from the settlement of adjacent soil. The downdrag force creates negative skin friction along the pile shaft. Negative skin friction is the most common problem in the construction and design of pile foundation in soft clay deposits. Both negative and positive skin friction are related to relative displacement of the pile and the movement of the adjacent soil. Therefore the magnitude of shear stresses mobilized along the pile shaft is related to relative movement between the pile and the surrounding soil.