الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study aimed to clarify the gross anatomical features of the udder of goat to be used as a guided during clinical interference. This study was carried out on nineteen apparent healthy adult Egyptian Baladifemale goats, andeight udder specimenswere obtained from apparent healthy adultBaladigoats.
The gross morphological features (position, form and shape) of the udder were briefly described. Moreover, its morphometric traits were recorded showing the effect of parity and type of birth on these measurements.
The suspensory apparatus of the udder was composed of medial and lateral suspensory laminae. About 79.5% of the udder was suspended in the ventral abdominal wall through the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle and tunica flavaabdominalis, and about 20.5% of it was suspended in the pelvic floor through the symphsyial tendon. Both the narrow bony attachment and the broad abdominal attachment of the suspensory apparatus were considered as predisposing factors for incidence of pendulous udder and herniation of abdominal contents into the udder.
Each half of the udder was composed of a single mammary unit, which included the mammary glandular parenchyma, lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinus and teat canal ended by a teat orifice.B-mode ultrasonography was a simple and accurate method allowing visualization of these mammary structures. Thegross anatomical features and ultrasonographic findings obtained in this study could assist in the further diagnosis of several pathological conditions of the udder of goat.
The udder of goat was supplied by the external pudendal artery and dorsal labial and mammary branch of the ventral perineal artery.It was drained through three venous circles, one at its base, while the other two were present in the form of one circle at the base of each teat. The basal venous circle was formed by the external pudendal and cranial superficial epigastric veins, as well as the dorsal labial and mammary branch of the ventral perinealvessels. While the papillary venous circle was formed mainly by the cranial and caudal lateral sinus branches of the cranial mammary vein of the external pudendal vein.
Moreover, the described course of the blood vessels of the udder provided suitable and accurate site for ligation of these vessels during mastectomy. The external pudednal vessels were ligated at the superficial inguinal ring between the medial aspect of the thigh and the base of the udder (about 6-7cm craniodorsal to the caudal aspect of the base of the udder). The cranial superficial epigastric veins were ligated with the skin just cranial to the base of the udder. The mammary branches of the ventral perineal vessels were ligated at the midway between the vulva and the base of the udder. Ligation of these vessels resulted in safe, quick and less expensive technique for mastectomy, as well as it reduced the risk of massive blood loss during this surgery.
The udder of goat was innervated by the first four lumbar spinal nerves and the mammary branch of the pudendal nerve. The detailed course of these nerves gave an important guide for induction of local analgesia.The first four lumbar spinal nerves were desensitized through paravertebral analgesia, while the mammary branch of the pudendal nerve was desensitized through the field block analgesia at the midway between the vulva and the base of the udder.