الفهرس 
2.1.2 Physico-chemical analyses of waterOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 139 |  |  |
| | | from | 139 | | |
Abstract
The physicochemical analysis in water indicated that heavy metals, minerals, temperature, salinity, PH…etc. recorded very low variations during September, October and November. The biological analysis of water showed that approximately 85% from phytoplankton were Bacillariophyta (14 genera, 19 species) followed by Chlorophyta (2 genera), Cyanophyta (1 genus) and Dinophyta (1 genus). Quantitative analysis of phytoplankton showed that total number of phytoplankton cells per liter were 95.2×108 cells/L, 104.2×108 cells/L, 111.3×108 cells/L during September, October and November respectively. The macroalgal species recorded along the study area were Phaeophyta, 7 species as the main group (Turbinaria ornata , Cystoseira trinodis , Cystoseira myrica ,Saragassum muticum , Hormophysa cuneiformis , Dictyota dichotoma and padina minor); Chlorophyta ,2 species (Caulerpa racemosa and Halimeda tuna); and Rhodophyta ,4 species (Laurencia papillosa, Digenea simplex ,, Jania rubens and Coralina officinalis) and Seagrass (Halophila johnsonii). Phaeophyta were the predominant macroalgae during November; while Chlorophyta were the predominant macroalgae during September. The biochemical analysis of Turbinaria ornata indicated that the relative high protein and lipids contents were found during November; while the relative high soluble carbohydrate and polysaccharides (agar and alginates contents) were recorded during September .Total minerals (K, Na, and Ca) and heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Fe, Cd, Mn, Cu and Co) recorded relative increases during November. Ca content was relatively stable; while Cb and carotenoids recorded the relative high content during September and November respectively.
Summary
39
Antimicrobial activities of ethanol extract of T. ornata as well as OA and PA (extracted by organic solvents) were increasing with increasing its concentrations. The activities against Gram positive bacteria were higher than that against Gram negative bacteria. Moreover, maximum antifungal activities were high against Aspergillus niger. Scanning Electron microscope showed that mixtures of OA and PA (1:1) caused plasmolysis and reduction in cell size of E. coli, More over It causes malformation and swelling in conidiophores and spores of Aspergillus niger. Boiled water extract of the brown macroalga Turbinaria ornata for 72 hours and water extract at room temperature for 6 days reduced the viability of tumor cells to 68.9% and 81.8%, respectively. A total of 1017.5 µg OA (monounsaturated fatty acid) and 1406.01 µg PA (saturated fatty acid) were extracted by organic solvents from 100 grams air dry powder of T. ornata. Different concentrations of these OA and PA showed antitumor activities after 5 minutes. 100 µg /ml OA or PA and higher concentrations reduced tumor cells viability to approximately 0-1%. All tumor cells were a viable after treating by different concentrations of OA after 40 minutes and PA after 30 minutes. Also, the present study indicates that antitumor activity of PA was higher than that of OA. The effect of water extract of T. ornata as well as OA and PA upon tumor.