الفهرس 
الفصل الاولOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Studying and measuring of gamma-ray energy emitted from radionuclides is a very important field of radiation physics, and have many applications in different fields of sciences such as in the study of nuclear structure, the identification of radioisotopes and their activities, estimating absorbed dose, and the determination of interaction cross-sections, in which gamma-rays are either incident or outgoing from the reaction.
The new developments in gamma-ray spectrometry have expanded and have been applied in diverse fields such as astrophysics and medical therapy for which highly accurate measurements of gamma-rays are needed. This has been achieved by way of tracing the interaction of gamma-rays in the semiconductor and scintillation detectors and the energy deposited within.
This thesis solve a very important problems. The first problem is the presence of an environmental sample between the source and the detector will affect the effective solid angle between the source, for this reason an attenuation was given to find a new mathematical form and a computer program to calculate the effective solid angle. The second problem is due to the self absorption and the attenuation factors introduce an error in determining the activities of the samples.